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Environmental science and pollution research international
Sep, 2021;28 (35): 47752-47772.

Physiopathology and effectiveness of therapeutic vaccines against human papillomavirus.

Noor Ayesha, Sara Aboulaghras, Muhammad Jahangeer, Areej Riasat, Rehana Ramzan, Rameen Fatima, Muhammad Akram, Abdelaali Balahbib, Abdelhakim Bouyahya, Ekaterina Sepiashvili, Gokhan Zengin, Mohammad Ali Shariati
Author Information
  1. Noor Ayesha: Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  2. Sara Aboulaghras: Physiology and Physiopathology Team, Department of Biology, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
  3. Muhammad Jahangeer: Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  4. Areej Riasat: Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  5. Rehana Ramzan: Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  6. Rameen Fatima: Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  7. Muhammad Akram: Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
  8. Abdelaali Balahbib: Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
  9. Abdelhakim Bouyahya: Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, And Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco. boyahyaa-90@hotmail.fr.
  10. Ekaterina Sepiashvili: K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
  11. Gokhan Zengin: Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey. gokhanzengin@selcuk.edu.tr.
  12. Mohammad Ali Shariati: K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
PMID: 34291408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15441-w

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-known sexually transmitted disorder globally. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the 3rd most common cancer that causes cervical carcinoma, and globally it accounts for 275,000 deaths every year. The load of HPV-associated abrasions can be lessened through vaccination. At present, three forms of prophylactic vaccines, Cervarix, Gadrasil, and Gardasil 9, are commercially accessible but all these prophylactic vaccines have not the ability to manage and control developed abrasions or infections. Therefore, a considerable amount of the population is not secured from HPV infectivity. Consequently, the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines is a crucial requirement of this era, for the treatment of persisting infections, and to stop the progression of HPV-associated cancers. Therapeutic vaccines are a developing trial approach. Because of the constitutive expression of E6 and E7 early genes in cancerous and pre-cancerous tissues, and their involvement in disturbance of the cell cycle, these are best targets for this therapeutic vaccine treatment. For the synthesis and development of therapeutic vaccines, various approaches have been examined comprising cell-based vaccines, peptide/protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and live-vector vaccines all proceeding towards clinical trials. This review emphasizes the development, progress, current status, and future perspective of several vaccines for the cure of HPV-related abrasions and cancers. This review also provides an insight to assess the effectiveness, safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of therapeutic vaccines in the cure of patients infected with HPV-associated cervical cancer.

Keywords

Cervical cancer HLA polymorphism Papillomavirus Pathogenesis Vaccines

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MeSH Term

Alphapapillomavirus
Female
Humans
Papillomaviridae
Papillomavirus Infections
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Vaccination
Journal Article Review
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