OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
International journal of behavioral medicine
Aug, 2022;29 (4): 398-407.

Longitudinal Associations Between Illness Perceptions and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes.

Mohsen Alyami, Anna Serlachius, Ibrahim Mokhtar, Elizabeth Broadbent
Author Information
  1. Mohsen Alyami: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. ORCID
  2. Anna Serlachius: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. ORCID
  3. Ibrahim Mokhtar: Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, King Khaled Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia.
  4. Elizabeth Broadbent: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. e.broadbent@auckland.ac.nz. ORCID
PMID: 34523073 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-021-10024-y

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional research demonstrates associations between illness perceptions and glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Prospective studies are limited and show mixed findings. This study aimed to investigate (1) whether baseline illness perceptions predicted glycemic control (HbA1c levels) at 6-12-month follow-up and (2) possible differences in baseline illness perceptions between individuals who completed at least one HbA1c blood test during the 12-month follow-up and those who did not.
METHODS: A total of 115 individuals with T2D were recruited from an outpatient clinic. Demographic and clinical information and illness perceptions were assessed at baseline. HbA1c was assessed at baseline and 12 months later from clinical records. Hierarchical multiple linear regression examined associations between baseline illness perceptions and HbA1c levels at 6-12-month follow-up, controlling for age, sex, education, types of diabetes medication, and baseline HbA1c.
RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed perceived weight management effectiveness at baseline was associated with lower HbA1c at follow-up (rho = -.25, p = .04, n = 67). Adjusted multiple regression showed that HbA1c at baseline was the only significant predictor of HbA1c at 6-12-month follow-up (β = 0.51, p < .001). There were no significant differences in baseline illness perceptions between individuals who completed HbA1c blood tests during follow-up (n = 78) and those who did not (n = 34), p > .05.
CONCLUSION: Illness perceptions at baseline did not predict longitudinal HbA1c in adjusted analyses, nor completion of HbA1c tests. Results may be due to temporal variability in HbA1c and barriers to accessing blood tests.

Keywords

Glycemic control HbA1c Illness perceptions Type 2 diabetes

References

  1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Supplement 1):S1-212.
  2. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). The Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07019-6]
  3. Leventhal H, Brissette I, Leventhal EA. The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness. In: Cameron LD, Leventhal H, editors. The self-regulation of health and illness behaviour. London: Routledge; 2003. p. 42–65.
  4. Diefenbach MA, Leventhal H. The common-sense model of illness representation: Theoretical and practical considerations. J Soc Distress Homeless. 1996;5(1):11–38. [DOI: 10.1007/BF02090456]
  5. Broadbent E, Wilkes C, Koschwanez H, Weinman J, Norton S, Petrie KJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. Psychol Health. 2015;30(11):1361–85. [PMID: 26181764]
  6. Broadbent E, Schoones JW, Tiemensma J, Kaptein AA. A systematic review of patients’ drawing of illness: Implications for research using the common sense model. Health Psychol Rev. 2019;13(4):406–26. [PMID: 30558520]
  7. Dempster M, Howell D, McCorry NK. Illness perceptions and coping in physical health conditions: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2015;79(6):506–13. [PMID: 26541550]
  8. Hagger MS, Koch S, Chatzisarantis NLD, Orbell S. The common sense model of self-regulation: meta-analysis and test of a process model. Psychol Bull. 2017;143(11):1117–54. [PMID: 28805401]
  9. Hagger MS, Orbell S. A meta-analytic review of the common-sense model of illness representations. Psychol Health. 2003;18(2):141–84. [DOI: 10.1080/088704403100081321]
  10. Mc Sharry J, Moss-Morris R, Kendrick T. Illness perceptions and glycaemic control in diabetes: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2011;28(11):1300–10. [PMID: 21418098]
  11. Alyami M, Serlachius A, O’Donovan C, Werf B van der, Broadbent E. A systematic review of illness perception interventions in type 2 diabetes: Effects on glycaemic control and illness perceptions. Diabet Med. 2021;38(3):e14495.
  12. Hampson SE, Glasgow RE, Foster LS. Personal models of diabetes among older adults: relationship to self-management and other variables. Diabetes Educ. 1995;21(4):300–7. [PMID: 7621732]
  13. Hampson SE, Glasgow RE, Strycker LA. Beliefs versus feelings: a comparison of personal models and depression for predicting multiple outcomes in diabetes. Br J Health Psychol. 2000;5(1):27–40. [DOI: 10.1348/135910700168748]
  14. Broadbent E, Petrie KJ, Main J, Weinman J. The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60(6):631–7. [PMID: 16731240]
  15. Broadbent E, Donkin L, Stroh JC. Illness and treatment perceptions are associated with adherence to medications, diet, and exercise in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):338–40. [PMID: 21270191]
  16. Martinez K, Lockhart S, Davies M, Lindsay JR, Dempster M. Diabetes distress, illness perceptions and glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Psychol Health Med. 2018;23(2):171–7. [PMID: 28610449]
  17. Voigt A, Madrid E, Pacheco-Huergo V, Rastello A, Castro D, Navarro-Brito I, et al. Association of glycaemia with perceived threat of illness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2015;9(6):426–31. [PMID: 25862461]
  18. Skinner TC, Khunti K, Carey ME, Dallosso H, Heller S, Davies MJ. Stability and predictive utility, over 3 years, of the illness beliefs of individuals recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2014;31(10):1260–3. [PMID: 24798395]
  19. Rassart J, Luyckx K, Berg CA, Bijttebier P, Moons P, Weets I. Psychosocial functioning and glycemic control in emerging adults with Type 1 diabetes: A 5-year follow-up study. Health Psychol. 2015;34(11):1058–65. [PMID: 25775385]
  20. Harvey JN, Lawson VL. The importance of health belief models in determining self-care behaviour in diabetes. Diabet Med. 2009;26(1):5–13. [PMID: 19125754]
  21. Glasgow RE, Hampson SE, Strycker LA, Ruggiero L. Personal-model beliefs and social-environmental barriers related to diabetes self-management. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(4):556–61. [PMID: 9096980]
  22. Hampson SE, Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ. Personal models of diabetes and their relations to self-care activities. Health Psychol. 1990;9(5):632–46. [PMID: 2226390]
  23. Abubakari A-R, Cousins R, Thomas C, Sharma D, Naderali EK. Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of self-management among people with poorly controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the role of illness perceptions and self-efficacy. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:6708164. [PMID: 26697501]
  24. Abubakari A-R, Jones MC, Lauder W, Kirk A, Anderson J, Devendra D. Associations between knowledge, illness perceptions, self-management and metabolic control of type 2 diabetes among African and European-origin patients. J Nurs Healthc Chronic Illn. 2011;3(3):245–56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-9824.2011.01098.x]
  25. Alyami M, Serlachius A, Mokhtar I, Broadbent E. The association of illness perceptions and God locus of health control with self-care behaviours in patients with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Health Psychol Behav Med. 2020;8(1):329–48. [PMID: 34040875]
  26. Alyami M, Serlachius A, Mokhtar I, Broadbent E. Illness perceptions, HbA1c, and adherence in type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Patient Prefer Adher. 2019;13:1839–50. [DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S228670]
  27. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–91. [PMID: 17695343]
  28. Bean D, Cundy T, Petrie KJ. Ethnic differences in illness perceptions, self-efficacy and diabetes self-care. Psychol Health. 2007;22(7):787–811. [DOI: 10.1080/14768320600976240]
  29. Saarti S, Jabbour H, El Osta N, Hajj A, Khabbaz LR. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of an Arabic language version of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire in Lebanon. Libyan J Med. 2016;11(10):3402.
  30. Moss-Morris R, Weinman J, Petrie KJ, Horne R, Cameron LD, Buick D. The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). Psychol Health. 2002;17(1):1–16. [DOI: 10.1080/08870440290001494]
  31. French DP, Wade AN, Farmer AJ. Predicting self-care behaviours of patients with type 2 diabetes: the importance of beliefs about behaviour, not just beliefs about illness. J Psychosom Res. 2013;74(4):327–33. [PMID: 23497835]
  32. Benyamini Y, Leventhal H, et al. Beliefs and perceptions of health and illness. In: Llewellyn C, Ayers S, McManus C, Newman S, Petrie KJ, Revenson TA, et al., editors. Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2019. p. 106–9.
  33. van Puffelen AL, Heijmans MJWM, Rijken M, Rutten GEHM, Nijpels G, Schellevis FG. Illness perceptions and self-care behaviours in the first years of living with type 2 diabetes; does the presence of complications matter? Psychol Health. 2015;30(11):1274–87. [PMID: 25925788]
  34. Thongsai S. Do illness perceptions predict the attendance rate at diabetic outpatient clinic? Glob J Health Sci. 2015;7(2):254–63.
  35. Lawson VL, Bundy C, Lyne PA, Harvey JN. Using the IPQ and PMDI to predict regular diabetes care-seeking among patients with type 1 diabetes. Br J Health Psychol. 2004;9(2):241–52. [PMID: 15125807]
  36. Eades C, Alexander H. A mixed-methods exploration of non-attendance at diabetes appointments using peer researchers. Health Expect. 2019;22(6):1260–71. [PMID: 31486184]
  37. Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control. 2020. https://covid19.cdc.gov.sa/ . Cited 30 Jun 2020.
  38. Brewster S, Bartholomew J, Holt RIG, Price H. Non-attendance at diabetes outpatient appointments: a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2020;37(9):1427–42. [PMID: 31968127]
  39. McComb S, Tian Z, Sands L, Turkcan A, Zhang L, Frazier S, et al. Cancelled primary care appointments: a prospective cohort study of diabetic patients. J Med Syst. 2017;41(4):53. [PMID: 28214994]
  40. Karter AJ, Parker MM, Moffet HH, Ahmed AT, Ferrara A, Liu JY, et al. Missed appointments and poor glycemic control: an opportunity to identify high-risk diabetic patients. Med Care. 2004;42(2):110–5. [PMID: 14734947]
  41. Griffin SJ. Lost to follow-up: The problem of defaulters from diabetes clinics. Diabet Med. 1998;15(Suppl 3):S14–24. [PMID: 9829764]
  42. Lee RRS, Samsudin MI, Thirumoorthy T, Low LL, Kwan YH. Factors affecting follow-up non-attendance in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a systematic review. Singapore Med J. 2019;60(5):216–23. [PMID: 31187148]
  43. Sun C-A, Taylor K, Levin S, Renda SM, Han H-R. Factors associated with missed appointments by adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9(1):e001819.
  44. Lin H, Wu X. Intervention strategies for improving patient adherence to follow-up in the era of mobile information technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8):e104266.
  45. Youssef A. Use of short message service reminders to improve attendance at an internal medicine outpatient clinic in Saudi Arabia: a randomized controlled trial. East Mediterr Health J. 2014;20(5):317–23. [PMID: 24952289]

Grants

  1. King Salman Scholarship Program/Saudi Ministry of Higher Education

MeSH Term

Blood Glucose
Cross-Sectional Studies
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Glycated Hemoglobin
Glycemic Control
Humans
Prospective Studies

Chemicals

Blood Glucose
Glycated Hemoglobin A
Journal Article
Article has an altmetric score of 4

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0HbA1cbaselineperceptionsillnessfollow-up2controldiabetes6-12-monthindividualsbloodtestsIllnessassociationsglycemicT2DlevelsdifferencescompletedclinicalassessedmultipleregressionshowedsignificantGlycemicTypeBACKGROUND:Cross-sectionalresearchdemonstratespeopletypeProspectivestudieslimitedshowmixedfindingsstudyaimedinvestigate1whetherpredictedpossibleleastonetest12-monthnotMETHODS:total115recruitedoutpatientclinicDemographicinformation12 monthslaterrecordsHierarchicallinearexaminedcontrollingagesexeducationtypesmedicationRESULTS:Univariateanalysisperceivedweightmanagementeffectivenessassociatedlowerrho = -25p = 04n = 67Adjustedpredictorβ = 051p <001n = 78n = 34p > 05CONCLUSION:predictlongitudinaladjustedanalysescompletionResultsmayduetemporalvariabilitybarriersaccessingLongitudinalAssociationsPerceptionsControlDiabetes

Similar Articles

Cited By (1)