To explore the relationship between parental phubbing (PP) and adolescent online hostility and its' psychological mechanism, 689 Chinese adolescents were recruited to complete a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. We took cyber flaming (CF) as an overall category for hostile online communication to investigate the relationship between PP and CF and the mediating role of perspective-taking (PT) in this relationship and examined whether there is a sex difference in this process. After controlling the average daily online time, the results showed that PP predicted adolescent CF positively. The relationship between PP and CF was partially mediated by PT. The effect of PP on PT was moderated by sex, with the result being significant only for boys. Related findings and future directions were discussed.
Al-Saggaf, Y., MacCulloch, R., & Wiener, K. (2019). Trait boredom is a predictor of phubbing frequency. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 4(3), 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-018-0080-4
Andersen, I. V. (2021). Hostility online: Flaming, trolling, and the public debate. First Monday, 26(3). Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v26i3.11547
Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(4), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3
Ante-Contreras, D. (2016). Distracted parenting: How social media affects parent-child attachment. California State University. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/292
Asuncion-Haban, M. K. M. (2016). Personality traits and dynamics of cyberbullying: Basis for a proposed intervention program. SPUP Graduate School Research Journal, 14(1), 110-120.
Bai, Q., Bai, S., Dan, Q., Lei, L., & Wang, P. (2020). Mother phubbing and adolescent academic burnout: The mediating role of mental health and the moderating role of agreeableness and neuroticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 155, 109622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109622
Bai, Q., Huang, S., Hsueh, F. H., & Zhang, T. (2021). Cyberbullying victimization and suicide ideation: A crumbled belief in a just world. Computers in Human Behavior, 120, 106679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106679
Bearman, M., Palermo, C., Allen, L. M., & Williams, B. (2015). Learning empathy through simulation: A systematic literature review. Simulation in health care, 10(5), 308-319. https://doi.org/10.1097/sih.0000000000000113
Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.59
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1, pp. 470-478). New York: Basic Books.
Brand, S., Gerber, M., Beck, J., Kalak, N., Hatzinger, M., Pühse, U., & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2011). Perceived parenting styles differ between genders but not between elite athletes and controls. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Terapeutics, 2, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S16992
Britton, P. C., & Fuendeling, J. M. (2005). The relations among varieties of adult attachment and the components of empathy. Journal of Social Psychology, 145(5), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.5.519-530
Brunero, S., Lamont, S., & Coates, M. (2010). A review of empathy education in nursing. Nursing Inquiry, 17(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2009.00482.x
Cai, H. J., Huang, X. F., & Song, H. R. (2008). The relationship between sex-role and subjective well-being in China. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 40(4), 474-486.
Coyne, S. M., Holmgren, H. G., Keenan-Kroff, S. L., Petersen, S., & Stockdale, L. (2020). Prenatal predictors of media use during infancy. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 23(6), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0477
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-Processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 74-101.
David, M. E., & Roberts, J. A. (2017). Phubbed and alone: Phone snubbing, social exclusion, and attachment to social media. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1086/690940
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, personality and development within social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 85-107). Oxford University Press.
Ding, Q., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Revision of the Chinese version of Parents Phubbing Scale in adolescents. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(5), 942-945. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2020.05.017
Ding, Q., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2020). Relative deprivation and college students' online flaming: Mediating effect of ego depletion and gender difference. Psychological Development and Education, 36(2), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2020.02.09
Dunstan, D. A., Anderson, D. L., & Marks, A. D. G. (2015). Reliability of the emotion-related parenting styles scale across gender and parent status groups. Early Education and Development, 26(8), 1234-1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2015.1039435
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Shepard, S. A. (2005). Age changes in prosocial responding and moral reasoning in adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(3), 235-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00095.x
Endendijk, J. J., Groeneveld, M. G., & Mesman, J. (2018). The gendered family process model: An Integrative framework of gender in the family. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 877-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1185-8
Eyal, T., Steffel, M., & Epley, N. (2018). Perspective mistaking: Accurately understanding the mind of another requires getting perspective, not taking perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(4), 547-571. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000115
Fang, J., Lai, X., & Luo, W. W. (2020). Moderating effects of callous-unemotional traits and gender on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and cyberbullying in adolescents. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(05), 991-994. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2020.05.027
Goldstein, H., & Higgins-Dalessandro, A. (2000). Empathy and attachment in relation to violent vs. non-violent offense history among jail inmates. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 32(4), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v32n04_03
Guazzini, A., Duradoni, M., Capelli, A., & Meringolo, P. (2019). An explorative model to assess individuals' phubbing risk. Future Internet, 11(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11010021
Guse, T., Vescovelli, F., & Croxford, S. A. (2019). Subjective well-being and gratitude among South African adolescents: Exploring gender and cultural differences. Youth & Society, 51(5), 591-615. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X17697237
Hannum, E., Kong, P., & Zhang, Y. (2009). Family sources of educational gender inequality in rural China: A critical assessment. International Journal of Educational Development, 29, 474-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.04.007
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press
Howard, K., Zolnierek, K. H., Critz, K., Dailey, S., & Ceballos, N. (2019). An examination of psychosocial factors associated with malicious online trolling behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 149, 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.06.020
Jane, E. A. (2015). Flaming? What flaming? The pitfalls and potentials of researching online hostility. Ethics and information technology, 17(1), 65-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-015-9362-0
Janoff-Bulman, R. (2010). Shattered assumptions. Simon & Schuster.
Jiang, Q., Wang, X., Liu, B., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2021). The impact of parental phubbing on the psychological development of children and adolescents. Psychological Development and Educatio, 37(1), 137-145. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2021.01.17
Jo, Y., & Bouffard, L. (2014). Stability of self-control and gender. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(4), 356-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.05.001
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(5), 441-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.03.001
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the basic empathy scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.010
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073-1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
Kruse, L. M., Norris, D. R., & Flinchum, J. R. (2018). Social media as a public sphere? Politics on social media. Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 62-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2017.1383143
Lai, Y. Q., Lian, R., Yang, Q., & Niu, G. F. (2021). The effect of family functioning on junior high school students' bullying: A moderated mediating model. Psychological Development and Education, 5, 727-734. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2021.05.14
Li, X., Bian, C., Chen, Y., Huang, J., Ma, Y., Tang, L., Yan, Q., Ye, X., Tang, J., & Yu, Y. (2015). Indirect aggression and parental attachment in early adolescence: Examining the role of perspective taking and empathetic concern. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 499-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.008
Li, Z., & Edwards, J. A. (2021). The relationship between system justification and perspective-taking and empathy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(1), 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220921041
Li, Z., Zhu, X., Tang, Z., & Li, T. (2020). Parent-child relationship and cyberbullying in adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(5), 986-990. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2020.05.026
Lin, Y., Liu, Q., Yu, S., & Zhou, Z. (2021). The relationship between parents neglect and online gaming addiction among adolescents: The mediating role of hope and gender difference. Psychological Development and Education, 37(1), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2021.01.14
Manly, J. T., Oshri, A., Lynch, M., Herzog, M., & Wortel, S. (2013). Child neglect and the development of externalizing behavior problems: Associations with maternal drug dependence and neighborhood crime. Child Malteatment, 18, 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559512464119
Maschi, T., Morgen, K., Bradley, C., & Hatcher, S. S. (2008). Exploring gender difference on internalizing and externalizing behavior among maltreated youth: Implications for social work action. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 25, 531-547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-008-0139-8
McDaniel, B. T. (2019). Parent distraction with phones, reasons for use, and impacts on parenting and child outcomes: A review of the emerging research. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(2), 72-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.139
McDaniel, B. T., & Radesky, J. S. (2018). Technoference: Parent distraction with technology and associations with child behavior problems. Child Development, 89(1), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12822
Miklikowska, M., Duriez, B., & Soenens, B. (2011). Family roots of empathy-related characteristics: The role of perceived maternal and paternal need support in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 47(5), 1342-1352. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024726
Mitsopoulou, E., & Giovazolias, T. (2015). Personality traits, empathy and bullying behavior: A meta-analytic approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.01.007
Myers, M. W., Laurent, S. M., & Hodges, S. D. (2014). Perspective taking instructions and self-other overlap: Different motives for helping. Motivation and Emotion, 38(2), 224-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9377-y
Pabian, S., & Vandebosch, H. (2015). Short-term longitudinal relationships between adolescents' (cyber)bullying perpetration and bonding to school and teachers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(2), 162-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415573639
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., & Fraser, A. M. (2012). Getting a high speed family connection: Associations between family media use and family connection. Family Relations, 61(3), 426-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00710.x
Parsons, S. (2015). Learning to work together: Designing a multi-user virtual reality game for social collaboration and perspective-taking for children with autism. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 6, 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2015.12.002
Peterson, G. W., & Hann, D. (1999). Socializing children and parents in families. In M. B. Sussman, S. K. Steinmetz, & G. W. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 327-370). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5367-7_14
Phillips, A., & Anderson, A. (2020). Cyberbullying, digital citizenship, and youth with autism: LIS education as a piece in the puzzle. The Library quarterly, 90(3), 264-282. https://doi.org/10.1086/708957
Pornari, C. D., & Wood, J. (2010). Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36(2), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20336
Qu, J., Lei, L., Wang, X., Xie, X., & Wang, P. (2020). Mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying: The mediating role of perceived mother acceptance and the moderating role of emotional stability. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520983905
Ramos, M. C., Miller, K. F., Moss, I. K., & Margolin, G. (2017). Perspective-taking and empathy mitigate family-of-origin risk for electronic aggression perpetration toward dating partners: A brief report. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36, 1155-1164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517747605
Rankin, J. L., Lane, D. J., Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M. (2004). Adolescent self-consciousness: Longitudinal age changes and gender differences in two cohorts. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01401001.x
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058
Sandy, J., Leeuwe, J. B., & Oostra, H. B. (1998). Adolescents' perceptions of communication with parents relative to specific aspects of relationships with parents and personal development. Journal of Adolescence, 21(3), 305-322. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1998.0155
Sharaievska, I., & Stodolska, M. (2016). Family satisfaction and social networking leisure. Leisure Studies, 36(2), 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1141974
Shields, A., Ryan, R. M., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children's rejection by peers. Developmental Psychology, 37, 321-337. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.3.321
Stockdale, L. A., Coyne, S. M., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2018). Parent and child technoference and socioemotional behavioral outcomes: A nationally representative study of 10- to 20-year-old adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 88, 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.034
Turnage, A. K. (2007). Email flaming behaviors and organizational conflict. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00385.x
Wang, H., Wang, X., Geng, J., Zeng, P., Gu, X., & Lei, L. (2021). Does peer alienation accelerate cyber deviant behaviors of adolescents? The mediating role of core self-evaluation and the moderating role of parent-child relationship and gender. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01471-7
Wang, X., Gao, L., Yang, J., Zhao, F., & Wang, P. (2020). Parental phubbing and adolescents' depressive symptoms: Self-esteem and perceived social support as moderators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49, 427-437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01185-x
Wang, X., Wang, W., Qiao, Y., Gao, L., Yang, J., & Wang, P. (2020). Parental phubbing and adolescents' cyberbullying perpetration: A moderated mediation model of moral disengagement and online disinhibition. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520961877
Wei, H., Ding, H., Huang, F., & Zhu, L. (2021). Parents' phubbing and cyberbullying perpetration among adolescents: The mediation of anxiety and the moderation of Zhong-Yong thinking. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00535-w
Wu, X., Qi, J., & Zhen, R. (2021). Bullying victimization and adolescents' social anxiety: Roles of shame and self-esteem. Child Indicators Research, 14(2), 769-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09777-x
Xiao, M., & Pan, X. (2018). The relationship between empathy ability and hope among university students: The mediating effect of self-esteem. Health Medicine Research and Practice, 15(2), 20-24.
Xie, X., Chen, W., Zhu, X., & He, D. (2019). Parents' phubbing increases adolescents' mobile phone addiction: Roles of parent-child attachment, deviant peers, and gender. Children and Youth Services Review, 105, 104426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104426
Yuan, G., & Liu, Z. (2019). Longitudinal cross-lagged analyses between cyberbullying perpetration, mindfulness and depression among Chinese high school students. Journal of Health Psychology, 26, 1872-1881. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105319890395