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Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie
Apr, 2022;260 (4): 1289-1297.

A large population study reveals a novel association between congenital color vision deficiency and environmental factors.

Yossy Machluf, Gilad Allon, Anat Sebbag, Yoram Chaiter, Eedy Mezer
Author Information
  1. Yossy Machluf: Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel. yossy.machluf@gmail.com. ORCID
  2. Gilad Allon: Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.
  3. Anat Sebbag: Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.
  4. Yoram Chaiter: Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel. ORCID
  5. Eedy Mezer: Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. ORCID
PMID: 34669027 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05417-4

Abstract

PURPOSE: To assess the associations between the prevalence of congenital color vision deficiency (CVD) and genetics and environment, represented by place of origin (ethnic background) and place of birth, respectively.
METHODS: This is a retrospective study of the computerized database of the northern recruitment center of Israel of 53,895 consecutive male Jewish conscripts 16-19 years old, who completed the medical profiling process between 1988 and 2011. CVD was diagnosed using the 24-pseudo-isochromatic plate Ishihara test. Associations of CVD prevalence with sociodemographic variables, anthropometric indices, refractive errors, and mainly place of origin and place of birth were tested by both univariate analysis and multivariate regression models.
RESULTS: Elevated BMI (obesity) and blood pressure (hypertension), as well as myopia, were all positively associated with congenital CVD. The composition of the study population provides a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and environment. The prevalence of CVD significantly differs among subpopulations of different ethnic background as well as among those who were born in different geographical locations. Additionally, differences in the prevalence of CVD (1.2-1.6%) were observed among conscripts from the same origin, who were born in Israel, compared to those who were born elsewhere. Both place of origin (p < 0.01) and place of birth (p < 0.05) were associated with the prevalence of CVD in a multivariable regression model.
CONCLUSION: This study affirms previously established associations of CVD with certain variables and reveals a possible novel association of CVD with environmental factors.

Keywords

Anthropometric indices Color blindness Congenital color vision deficiency Ethnicity Place of birth Regression model

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MeSH Term

Adolescent
Adult
Color Vision Defects
Humans
Male
Myopia
Prevalence
Refractive Errors
Retrospective Studies
Young Adult
Journal Article
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