OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Current neuropharmacology
2022;20 (6): 1116-1143.

Neuroinflammation in Huntington's Disease: A Starring Role for Astrocyte and Microglia.

Julieta Saba, Federico López Couselo, Julieta Bruno, Lila Carniglia, Daniela Durand, Mercedes Lasaga, Carla Caruso
Author Information
  1. Julieta Saba: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  2. Federico López Couselo: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  3. Julieta Bruno: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  4. Lila Carniglia: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  5. Daniela Durand: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  6. Mercedes Lasaga: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  7. Carla Caruso: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
PMID: 34852742 DOI: 10.2174/1570159X19666211201094608

Abstract

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene. HD causes motor, cognitive, and behavioral dysfunction. Since no existing treatment affects the course of this disease, new treatments are needed. Inflammation is frequently observed in HD patients before symptom onset. Neuroinflammation, characterized by the presence of reactive microglia, astrocytes and inflammatory factors within the brain, is also detected early. However, in comparison to other neurodegenerative diseases, the role of Neuroinflammation in HD is much less known. Work has been dedicated to altered microglial and astrocytic functions in the context of HD, but less attention has been given to glial participation in Neuroinflammation. This review describes evidence of Inflammation in HD patients and animal models. It also discusses recent knowledge on Neuroinflammation in HD, highlighting astrocyte and microglia involvement in the disease and considering anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches.

Keywords

Huntington’s disease astrocytes microglia mutant huntingtin neurodegeneration neuroinflammation

References

  1. J Clin Invest. 2012 Oct;122(10):3731-6 [PMID: 22996692]
  2. Brain Behav Immun. 2019 Aug;80:146-162 [PMID: 30853569]
  3. J Neuroimmunol. 2014 Feb 15;267(1-2):61-72 [PMID: 24360910]
  4. Cell Rep. 2021 Jul 6;36(1):109308 [PMID: 34233199]
  5. Hum Mol Genet. 2018 Jan 15;27(2):239-253 [PMID: 29121340]
  6. Nat Commun. 2016 Jun 07;7:11758 [PMID: 27273432]
  7. Neuron. 2020 Dec 23;108(6):1146-1162.e10 [PMID: 33086039]
  8. Hum Mol Genet. 2016 May 1;25(9):1780-91 [PMID: 26908618]
  9. Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Aug 1;19(15):3053-67 [PMID: 20494921]
  10. J Clin Invest. 2017 Sep 1;127(9):3201-3209 [PMID: 28714861]
  11. J Neurosci. 2012 Dec 12;32(50):18259-68 [PMID: 23238740]
  12. Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Mar;8(3):397-407 [PMID: 9949199]
  13. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020 Oct;16(10):529-546 [PMID: 32796930]
  14. Neurobiol Dis. 2013 Oct;58:192-9 [PMID: 23756199]
  15. Neurobiol Dis. 2016 Dec;96:67-74 [PMID: 27569581]
  16. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37929 [PMID: 22649566]
  17. PLoS One. 2018 Sep 27;13(9):e0203837 [PMID: 30260985]
  18. Sci Rep. 2019 May 10;9(1):7202 [PMID: 31076648]
  19. Physiol Rev. 2018 Jan 1;98(1):239-389 [PMID: 29351512]
  20. J Neurochem. 2007 Oct;103(2):590-603 [PMID: 17666052]
  21. J Neurochem. 2019 Jun;149(5):562-581 [PMID: 30702751]
  22. J Immunol. 2004 Jan 15;172(2):1246-55 [PMID: 14707103]
  23. PLoS One. 2015 Nov 13;10(11):e0142901 [PMID: 26565401]
  24. Acta Neuropathol. 2008 Jan;115(1):55-69 [PMID: 17978822]
  25. Front Immunol. 2017 Sep 04;8:1079 [PMID: 28928746]
  26. Immun Ageing. 2015 Nov 04;12:20 [PMID: 26543490]
  27. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e49838 [PMID: 23284626]
  28. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Sep;124(3):411-24 [PMID: 22766690]
  29. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jun 13;103(24):9345-50 [PMID: 16751280]
  30. J Neurosci. 1991 Jun;11(6):1649-59 [PMID: 1710657]
  31. BMC Neurosci. 2002 Oct 14;3:15 [PMID: 12379151]
  32. Cell Tissue Res. 2010 Jul;341(1):83-93 [PMID: 20602186]
  33. Front Synaptic Neurosci. 2021 May 11;13:672891 [PMID: 34045951]
  34. J Neurosci. 2004 Sep 1;24(35):7727-39 [PMID: 15342740]
  35. Front Physiol. 2014 Jun 23;5:231 [PMID: 25002850]
  36. Nature. 1999 May 20;399(6733):263-7 [PMID: 10353249]
  37. J Huntingtons Dis. 2015;4(1):17-36 [PMID: 26333255]
  38. Cell Rep. 2020 Jan 21;30(3):642-657.e6 [PMID: 31968243]
  39. Neurobiol Dis. 2009 Sep;35(3):319-36 [PMID: 19464370]
  40. Brain. 2019 Aug 1;142(8):2432-2450 [PMID: 31286142]
  41. J Neurochem. 2008 May;105(4):1276-86 [PMID: 18194440]
  42. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:861231 [PMID: 24966471]
  43. J Neurosci. 2013 Apr 24;33(17):7393-406 [PMID: 23616545]
  44. Dev Cell. 2015 Feb 23;32(4):469-77 [PMID: 25710533]
  45. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1049:29-57 [PMID: 29427097]
  46. Pharmacol Rep. 2017 Apr;69(2):306-313 [PMID: 28178592]
  47. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 10;7(1):4947 [PMID: 28694434]
  48. Neuron. 2010 Jul 29;67(2):199-212 [PMID: 20670829]
  49. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Jun;19(6):502-512 [PMID: 32470422]
  50. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2020 Feb 18;8(1):19 [PMID: 32070434]
  51. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Oct 6;17(1):290 [PMID: 33023623]
  52. Virology. 2003 Jul 20;312(1):60-73 [PMID: 12890621]
  53. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2019 Jan;94:41-51 [PMID: 30529228]
  54. J Neurochem. 2021 May;157(4):899-918 [PMID: 33118626]
  55. Neuroscience. 2016 Jun 14;325:74-88 [PMID: 27033979]
  56. Arch Neurol. 1978 Nov;35(11):728-30 [PMID: 152621]
  57. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006 Aug;27(8):402-9 [PMID: 16822554]
  58. Open Biol. 2018 Dec 5;8(12): [PMID: 30518638]
  59. Brain Res Bull. 2012 Jun 1;88(2-3):189-98 [PMID: 21511013]
  60. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Jun;115(2):557-68 [PMID: 20211941]
  61. J Mol Neurosci. 2021 Nov;71(11):2429 [PMID: 33687621]
  62. Hum Mol Genet. 2019 May 15;28(10):1661-1670 [PMID: 30624705]
  63. Clin Chem Lab Med. 1998 Oct;36(10):747-50 [PMID: 9853799]
  64. Mol Neurodegener. 2011 Oct 10;6(1):71 [PMID: 21985529]
  65. Hum Mol Genet. 2016 May 1;25(9):1792-802 [PMID: 26908614]
  66. J Neurosci. 2008 Mar 26;28(13):3277-90 [PMID: 18367595]
  67. Neurobiol Dis. 2015 Apr;76:46-56 [PMID: 25662335]
  68. J Neurosci. 2010 Aug 11;30(32):10844-50 [PMID: 20702713]
  69. Brain Res. 1986 Apr 23;371(2):267-77 [PMID: 2938667]
  70. Cell. 2011 Jun 10;145(6):863-74 [PMID: 21640374]
  71. Neurotox Res. 2018 Apr;33(3):593-606 [PMID: 29235064]
  72. Neurobiol Dis. 2003 Mar;12(2):121-32 [PMID: 12667467]
  73. Brain Res. 2012 Apr 17;1449:69-82 [PMID: 22410294]
  74. J Immunol. 2013 Feb 15;190(4):1797-806 [PMID: 23303669]
  75. J Neurosci. 2005 Apr 6;25(14):3701-11 [PMID: 15814801]
  76. Hum Mol Genet. 2013 Oct 1;22(19):3869-82 [PMID: 23720495]
  77. J Neurol. 2016 Jul;263(7):1390-400 [PMID: 27159993]
  78. J Neurochem. 2008 Apr;105(2):369-79 [PMID: 18086127]
  79. Neurology. 1991 Jul;41(7):1117-23 [PMID: 1829794]
  80. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Mar 23;18(4): [PMID: 28333097]
  81. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2016 Dec;77:76-86 [PMID: 27989734]
  82. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Apr 2;17(1):98 [PMID: 32241286]
  83. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021 Apr 1;8(3): [PMID: 33795375]
  84. Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Nov 15;19(22):4373-84 [PMID: 20739295]
  85. J Huntingtons Dis. 2013;2(1):125-34 [PMID: 25063434]
  86. Mol Neurodegener. 2020 May 24;15(1):29 [PMID: 32448329]
  87. FASEB J. 2019 Mar;33(3):3190-3197 [PMID: 30423259]
  88. FASEB J. 2005 Nov;19(13):1878-80 [PMID: 16123171]
  89. Eur J Biochem. 2000 Aug;267(16):4912-6 [PMID: 10931173]
  90. J Neurosci Res. 2000 Jun 1;60(5):613-22 [PMID: 10820432]
  91. Hum Mol Genet. 2016 May 1;25(9):1677-89 [PMID: 26920069]
  92. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2001 Feb;60(2):161-72 [PMID: 11273004]
  93. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 29;106(52):22480-5 [PMID: 20018729]
  94. Life Sci. 2019 Sep 1;232:116653 [PMID: 31302194]
  95. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2012 Mar;33(3):385-92 [PMID: 22266730]
  96. J Comp Neurol. 2005 Oct 3;490(4):354-70 [PMID: 16127709]
  97. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jun 6;97(12):6763-8 [PMID: 10823891]
  98. Neurobiol Dis. 2019 Sep;129:29-37 [PMID: 31042572]
  99. Brain. 2010 Apr;133(Pt 4):1094-110 [PMID: 20375136]
  100. Cell. 1996 Nov 1;87(3):493-506 [PMID: 8898202]
  101. Mol Neurodegener. 2017 Sep 18;12(1):65 [PMID: 28923065]
  102. J Neurosci. 2012 Oct 31;32(44):15426-38 [PMID: 23115180]
  103. Neurotherapeutics. 2021 Apr;18(2):1039-1063 [PMID: 33786806]
  104. Neurobiol Dis. 2012 Jan;45(1):438-49 [PMID: 21946335]
  105. Glia. 2007 Aug 1;55(10):1074-84 [PMID: 17551926]
  106. Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Nov;203:107394 [PMID: 31356910]
  107. J Neurosci. 2010 Nov 3;30(44):14708-18 [PMID: 21048129]
  108. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 17;280(24):22925-36 [PMID: 15840590]
  109. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011 Feb;32(2):258-70 [PMID: 21229614]
  110. Brain Res. 2014 Aug 19;1577:1-10 [PMID: 24976581]
  111. J Chem Neuroanat. 1996 Jun;10(3-4):209-12 [PMID: 8811425]
  112. Brain Res Bull. 2012 Feb 10;87(2-3):350-8 [PMID: 21272617]
  113. Food Sci Nutr. 2020 Jan 20;8(2):711-719 [PMID: 32148781]
  114. Nature. 2021 May;593(7858):180 [PMID: 33963316]
  115. Glia. 2017 Jan;65(1):50-61 [PMID: 27615381]
  116. Neurobiol Dis. 2015 Jan;73:388-98 [PMID: 25447230]
  117. J Neurosci. 2004 Sep 15;24(37):7999-8008 [PMID: 15371500]
  118. Biochimie. 2013 Mar;95(3):595-612 [PMID: 23041502]
  119. J Neurochem. 2005 Dec;95(6):1521-40 [PMID: 16300642]
  120. Brain Res. 2004 Aug 20;1018(1):10-7 [PMID: 15262199]
  121. Mov Disord. 2020 Jul;35(7):1113-1127 [PMID: 32410324]
  122. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2019 Feb 1;78(2):123-129 [PMID: 30605553]
  123. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jun 6;114(23):E4676-E4685 [PMID: 28533375]
  124. J Huntingtons Dis. 2017;6(2):95-103 [PMID: 28671137]
  125. Hum Mol Genet. 2006 Mar 15;15(6):965-77 [PMID: 16467349]
  126. Cell. 1997 Aug 8;90(3):537-48 [PMID: 9267033]
  127. Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Jul 1;12(13):1555-67 [PMID: 12812983]
  128. Front Mol Neurosci. 2018 Sep 19;11:329 [PMID: 30283298]
  129. Hum Mol Genet. 2002 Mar 15;11(6):633-40 [PMID: 11912178]
  130. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014 Sep;34(9):1500-10 [PMID: 24938402]
  131. Neuron. 2016 Mar 2;89(5):910-26 [PMID: 26938440]
  132. Ageing Res Rev. 2019 Jan;49:92-103 [PMID: 30502498]
  133. J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 17;27(42):11354-65 [PMID: 17942730]
  134. Cell. 2004 Jul 9;118(1):127-38 [PMID: 15242649]
  135. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010 Dec 20;5:40 [PMID: 21171977]
  136. Neurobiol Dis. 2006 Aug;23(2):471-80 [PMID: 16777422]
  137. Brain. 2007 Jul;130(Pt 7):1759-66 [PMID: 17400599]
  138. Neuroreport. 2004 Jun 7;15(8):1325-8 [PMID: 15167559]
  139. Mov Disord. 2010 Oct 15;25(13):2219-24 [PMID: 20721920]
  140. PLoS One. 2014 May 13;9(5):e96544 [PMID: 24824433]
  141. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2018 Apr;24(4):311-318 [PMID: 29377621]
  142. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015 May;16(5):249-63 [PMID: 25891508]
  143. Ann Neurol. 2001 Jan;49(1):29-34 [PMID: 11198293]
  144. J Neurosci. 2009 Mar 11;29(10):3276-87 [PMID: 19279265]
  145. J Neuroinflammation. 2017 Jan 31;14(1):25 [PMID: 28143498]
  146. Neurology. 2006 Jun 13;66(11):1638-43 [PMID: 16769933]
  147. Neurotherapeutics. 2015 Jan;12(1):185-99 [PMID: 25252936]
  148. Neuron. 1995 May;14(5):1065-74 [PMID: 7748554]
  149. Neurobiol Dis. 2021 Jun;153:105318 [PMID: 33636386]
  150. Neuroreport. 2009 Aug 5;20(12):1098-103 [PMID: 19590393]
  151. Exp Neurol. 1999 Oct;159(2):362-76 [PMID: 10506508]
  152. Lancet Neurol. 2011 Jan;10(1):83-98 [PMID: 21163446]
  153. Cell Metab. 2019 Jun 4;29(6):1258-1273.e11 [PMID: 30930170]
  154. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 May 20;21(10): [PMID: 32443829]
  155. Toxicol Rep. 2015 Aug 12;2:1222-1232 [PMID: 28962465]
  156. Nat Neurosci. 2014 May;17(5):694-703 [PMID: 24686787]
  157. Cell Rep. 2015 Mar 10;10(9):1626-1638 [PMID: 25753426]
  158. Trends Immunol. 2019 Dec;40(12):1120-1133 [PMID: 31744765]
  159. Immunity. 2019 Apr 16;50(4):955-974 [PMID: 30995509]
  160. Curr Top Med Chem. 2012;12(13):1456-67 [PMID: 22650377]
  161. Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Oct 1;19(19):3702-20 [PMID: 20616151]
  162. Brain. 2008 Nov;131(Pt 11):2851-9 [PMID: 18772220]
  163. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57932 [PMID: 23469253]
  164. Brain. 2014 Mar;137(Pt 3):819-33 [PMID: 24459107]
  165. Hum Mol Genet. 2013 May 1;22(9):1826-42 [PMID: 23372043]
  166. Exp Neurol. 2016 Nov;285(Pt A):12-23 [PMID: 27587303]
  167. J Biol Chem. 2009 Feb 20;284(8):5010-20 [PMID: 19106091]
  168. Br J Pharmacol. 2013 May;169(2):337-52 [PMID: 23441623]
  169. Basal Ganglia. 2012 Jul 1;2(2):57-66 [PMID: 22905336]
  170. Heliyon. 2018 Jan 18;4(1):e00508 [PMID: 29560427]
  171. Neuroscience. 2008 Apr 22;153(1):329-37 [PMID: 18353560]
  172. Mol Brain. 2010 Nov 02;3:33 [PMID: 21044321]
  173. J Mol Neurosci. 2000 Aug;15(1):31-44 [PMID: 11211235]
  174. J Neurochem. 2010 Oct;115(1):153-67 [PMID: 20663016]
  175. Am J Pathol. 2012 Jan;180(1):267-74 [PMID: 22152994]
  176. Sci Transl Med. 2019 Oct 16;11(514): [PMID: 31619545]
  177. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 5;9(1):3528 [PMID: 30837611]
  178. Biochem J. 1996 Dec 1;320 ( Pt 2):595-7 [PMID: 8973572]
  179. Front Immunol. 2019 May 09;10:1043 [PMID: 31143184]
  180. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 10;21(22): [PMID: 33182554]
  181. Trends Immunol. 2020 Sep;41(9):758-770 [PMID: 32819810]
  182. Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Aug 15;23(16):4328-44 [PMID: 24698979]
  183. Neurochem Res. 2016 Apr;41(4):707-14 [PMID: 26586406]
  184. PLoS One. 2018 Feb 23;13(2):e0193492 [PMID: 29474427]
  185. Nat Genet. 1998 Oct;20(2):198-202 [PMID: 9771716]
  186. Ann Neurol. 2020 Feb;87(2):246-255 [PMID: 31725947]
  187. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2018 Jan 26;18(1):39-48 [PMID: 27149992]
  188. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2012 Mar;49(3):290-9 [PMID: 22198439]
  189. Eur J Neurosci. 2001 Dec;14(11):1753-61 [PMID: 11860469]
  190. J Cell Mol Med. 2011 Mar;15(3):555-71 [PMID: 20082658]
  191. Neuron. 1999 May;23(1):181-92 [PMID: 10402204]
  192. Ann Neurol. 1997 May;41(5):646-53 [PMID: 9153527]
  193. Cells. 2020 Oct 13;9(10): [PMID: 33065974]
  194. CNS Drugs. 2011 Feb;25(2):145-55 [PMID: 21254790]
  195. Nat Neurosci. 2021 Mar;24(3):312-325 [PMID: 33589835]
  196. Brain. 2019 Jan 1;143(1):266-288 [PMID: 31848580]
  197. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Mar 27;17(1):95 [PMID: 32220257]
  198. J Neurochem. 2013 May;125(3):410-9 [PMID: 23373812]
  199. Handb Clin Neurol. 2008;89:599-618 [PMID: 18631782]
  200. Pharmacol Res. 2019 Dec;150:104371 [PMID: 31415915]
  201. J Neurochem. 2018 Sep;146(6):686-702 [PMID: 29851427]
  202. J Neuroinflammation. 2010 Aug 11;7:45 [PMID: 20701773]
  203. J Neurosci. 2003 Apr 15;23(8):3394-406 [PMID: 12716947]
  204. Molecules. 2010 Feb 10;15(2):878-916 [PMID: 20335954]
  205. Hum Mol Genet. 2019 Feb 1;28(3):487-500 [PMID: 30312396]
  206. Cell. 2006 Oct 6;127(1):59-69 [PMID: 17018277]
  207. J Neurosci. 2008 Jun 11;28(24):6182-95 [PMID: 18550760]
  208. Neurosci Res. 1997 Jul;28(3):185-9 [PMID: 9237266]
  209. PLoS One. 2016 Sep 22;11(9):e0163479 [PMID: 27657730]
  210. J Neurosci. 2003 Mar 15;23(6):2193-202 [PMID: 12657678]
  211. Glia. 2010 Jun;58(8):1007-15 [PMID: 20222144]
  212. J Biol Chem. 2019 Feb 8;294(6):1915-1923 [PMID: 30538129]
  213. Front Cell Neurosci. 2016 May 02;10:110 [PMID: 27199664]
  214. Front Immunol. 2020 Feb 25;11:337 [PMID: 32161599]
  215. Metab Brain Dis. 2017 Apr;32(2):471-481 [PMID: 27928694]
  216. Neurotox Res. 2020 Jun;38(1):50-58 [PMID: 32219734]
  217. Biol Chem. 2016 May;397(5):383-400 [PMID: 26812787]
  218. PLoS One. 2015 Nov 03;10(11):e0141793 [PMID: 26529236]
  219. Mol Neurobiol. 2021 Oct;58(10):5112-5126 [PMID: 34250577]
  220. Front Neurosci. 2019 Jun 28;13:669 [PMID: 31316341]
  221. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 1997 Aug;1(3):253-7 [PMID: 9385062]
  222. Brain Res Bull. 2012 Jun 1;88(2-3):104-12 [PMID: 21801812]
  223. Sci Rep. 2018 Jul 30;8(1):11447 [PMID: 30061661]
  224. Neurosci Lett. 2015 Jan 23;586:1-7 [PMID: 25475686]
  225. J Proteome Res. 2007 Jul;6(7):2833-40 [PMID: 17552550]
  226. Prog Neurobiol. 2007 Apr;81(5-6):272-93 [PMID: 17188796]
  227. J Neurosci. 2016 Aug 24;36(34):8790-801 [PMID: 27559163]
  228. Cell. 1993 Mar 26;72(6):971-83 [PMID: 8458085]
  229. Sci Rep. 2018 Apr 13;8(1):5942 [PMID: 29654253]
  230. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015 Aug 03;9:278 [PMID: 26283915]
  231. Neural Regen Res. 2021 Jul;16(7):1438-1439 [PMID: 33318444]
  232. Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Jan 15;10(2):137-44 [PMID: 11152661]
  233. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020 Jun 18;14:163 [PMID: 32625064]
  234. Cell Death Differ. 2015 Apr;22(4):690-702 [PMID: 25301063]
  235. Front Neural Circuits. 2013 Nov 26;7:188 [PMID: 24324407]
  236. J Neurochem. 2021 Jul;158(2):539-553 [PMID: 33797782]
  237. Brain Res Bull. 2012 Jun 1;88(2-3):137-47 [PMID: 21620935]
  238. Neurobiol Dis. 2015 Nov;83:115-21 [PMID: 26297319]
  239. Brain Res. 2017 Oct 15;1673:102-110 [PMID: 28823953]
  240. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991 Nov;18(4):492-8 [PMID: 1782616]
  241. Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Apr 15;89(8):807-816 [PMID: 33500176]
  242. J Exp Med. 2008 Aug 4;205(8):1869-77 [PMID: 18625748]
  243. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Feb;44:121-7 [PMID: 25266150]
  244. Molecules. 2020 Nov 18;25(22): [PMID: 33218208]
  245. J Neuroinflammation. 2021 Apr 19;18(1):94 [PMID: 33874957]
  246. Nat Neurosci. 2014 Apr;17(4):513-21 [PMID: 24584051]
  247. Neurotox Res. 2020 Jan;37(1):77-92 [PMID: 31332714]
  248. Nat Commun. 2019 Aug 2;10(1):3473 [PMID: 31375685]
  249. J Comp Neurol. 2003 Oct 6;465(1):11-26 [PMID: 12926013]
  250. Neurobiol Dis. 2018 Feb;110:142-153 [PMID: 29196217]
  251. J Neurochem. 2015 Sep;134(5):927-42 [PMID: 26011179]
  252. Enzyme Res. 2016;2016:2682680 [PMID: 26881065]
  253. Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Mar 15;12(6):617-24 [PMID: 12620967]
  254. J Cell Biol. 2005 Dec 19;171(6):1001-12 [PMID: 16365166]
  255. Nat Neurosci. 2010 May;13(5):567-76 [PMID: 20383138]
  256. Brain Pathol. 2012 Jul;22(4):530-46 [PMID: 22074331]
  257. Mov Disord. 2020 Mar;35(3):401-408 [PMID: 31724242]
  258. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Jun;1863(6 Pt A):1218-27 [PMID: 27016501]
  259. Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 16;6:31652 [PMID: 27528441]
  260. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Mar;33(3):621.e17-33 [PMID: 21482444]
  261. Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 9;11(1):5484 [PMID: 33750843]
  262. Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):1990-3 [PMID: 9302293]
  263. Neurosci Lett. 2011 May 2;494(3):245-9 [PMID: 21406216]
  264. Mol Brain. 2013 Dec 13;6:55 [PMID: 24330808]
  265. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Jan;5(1):29-41 [PMID: 15630413]
  266. Cell Prolif. 2021 Aug;54(8):e13082 [PMID: 34152047]
  267. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015 Apr 23;1:15005 [PMID: 27188817]
  268. Neural Plast. 2015;2015:358263 [PMID: 26221543]
  269. Cell Transplant. 1997 May-Jun;6(3):249-66 [PMID: 9171158]
  270. Hum Mol Genet. 2017 Nov 1;26(21):4267-4277 [PMID: 28973132]
  271. J Neuroinflammation. 2016 Apr 18;13(1):83 [PMID: 27090509]
  272. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2020 Mar;29(3):311-326 [PMID: 31899977]
  273. Nat Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;9(4):402-14 [PMID: 17384639]
  274. PLoS Curr. 2011 Apr 13;3:RRN1231 [PMID: 21826115]
  275. Immunity. 2016 Apr 19;44(4):833-46 [PMID: 27037191]
  276. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 Dec 1;13(11):1763-811 [PMID: 20446769]
  277. J Neurosci. 1997 May 1;17(9):3064-73 [PMID: 9096141]
  278. J Neurochem. 2008 Jun 1;105(6):2224-36 [PMID: 18298666]
  279. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009 Mar;8(3):451-66 [PMID: 18984577]
  280. Cell Death Dis. 2020 Jul 18;11(7):546 [PMID: 32683420]
  281. Trends Neurosci. 2017 Jul;40(7):422-437 [PMID: 28578789]
  282. Mol Brain. 2012 May 21;5:17 [PMID: 22613578]
  283. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Jul 1;13(13):1389-405 [PMID: 15115766]
  284. J Neurochem. 2016 Jun;137(5):782-94 [PMID: 26823290]
  285. FEBS J. 2013 Sep;280(18):4382-94 [PMID: 23829302]
  286. Brain Pathol. 2008 Apr;18(2):225-38 [PMID: 18093249]
  287. Neurochem Res. 2008 Feb;33(2):232-7 [PMID: 17726644]
  288. Neurochem Int. 2010 Jan;56(1):152-60 [PMID: 19799953]
  289. Neurotherapeutics. 2019 Oct;16(4):957-978 [PMID: 31529216]
  290. J Clin Invest. 2001 Feb;107(3):247-54 [PMID: 11160145]
  291. Cells. 2021 Jun 22;10(7): [PMID: 34206228]

MeSH Term

Animals
Astrocytes
Disease Models, Animal
Humans
Huntington Disease
Inflammation
Microglia
Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Journal Article Review
Article has an altmetric score of 14

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0HDdiseaseneuroinflammationmicrogliaHuntington'sneurodegenerativehuntingtinpatientsNeuroinflammationastrocytesalsolessgeneticdisordercausedCAGrepeatexpansiongenecausesmotorcognitivebehavioraldysfunctionSinceexistingtreatmentaffectscoursenewtreatmentsneededInflammationfrequentlyobservedsymptomonsetcharacterizedpresencereactiveinflammatoryfactorswithinbraindetectedearlyHowevercomparisondiseasesrolemuchknownWorkdedicatedalteredmicroglialastrocyticfunctionscontextattentiongivenglialparticipationreviewdescribesevidenceinflammationanimalmodelsdiscussesrecentknowledgehighlightingastrocyteinvolvementconsideringanti-inflammatorytherapeuticapproachesDisease:StarringRoleAstrocyteMicrogliaHuntington’smutantneurodegeneration

Similar Articles

Cited By