CaZnO-based nanoghosts for the detection of ssDNA, pCRISPR and recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen and targeted delivery of doxorubicin.
Navid Rabiee, Omid Akhavan, Yousef Fatahi, Amir Mohammad Ghadiri, Mahsa Kiani, Pooyan Makvandi, Mohammad Rabiee, Mohammad Hossein Nicknam, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Rajender S Varma, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare, Esmaeel Sharifi, Eder C Lima
Author Information
Navid Rabiee: Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea. Electronic address: nrabiee94@gmail.com.
Omid Akhavan: Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran.
Yousef Fatahi: Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Amir Mohammad Ghadiri: Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Mahsa Kiani: Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Pooyan Makvandi: Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
Mohammad Rabiee: Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Mohammad Hossein Nicknam: Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mohammad Reza Saeb: Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdánsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdánsk, Poland.
Rajender S Varma: Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Milad Ashrafizadeh: Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare: School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, 36716-41167, Iran.
Esmaeel Sharifi: Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 6517838736, Hamadan, Iran.
Eder C Lima: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: profederlima@gmail.com.
Overexpression of proteins/antigens and other gene-related sequences in the bodies could lead to significant mutations and refractory diseases. Detection and identification of assorted trace concentrations of such proteins/antigens and/or gene-related sequences remain challenging, affecting different pathogens and making viruses stronger. Correspondingly, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) mutations/alterations and spread could lead to overexpression of ssDNA and the related antigens in the population and brisk activity in gene-editing technologies in the treatment/detection may lead to the presence of pCRISPR in the blood. Therefore, the detection and evaluation of their trace concentrations are of critical importance. CaZnO-based nanoghosts (NGs) were synthesized with the assistance of a high-gravity technique at a 1,800 MHz field, capitalizing on the use of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract as the templating agent. A complete chemical, physical and biological investigation revealed that the synthesized NGs presented similar morphological features to the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), resulting in excellent biocompatibility, interaction with ssDNA- and/or pCRISPR-surface, through various chemical and physical mechanisms. This comprise the unprecedented synthesis of a fully inorganic nanostructure with behavior that is similar to MSCs. Furthermore, the endowed exceptional ability of inorganic NGs for detective sensing/folding of ssDNA and pCRISPR and recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen (RSCSA), along with in-situ hydrogen peroxide detection on the HEK-293 and HeLa cell lines, was discerned. On average, they displayed a high drug loading capacity of 55%, and the acceptable internalizations inside the HT-29 cell lines affirmed the anticipated MSCs-like behavior of these inorganic-NGs.
