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International journal of molecular sciences
Jul 22, 2022;23 (15):

Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in .

Beata Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska, Cezary Kowalewski, Aneta Krolak-Ulinska, Wojciech Marusza
Author Information
  1. Beata Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska: Department of Dermatology, Immunodermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82a, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland.
  2. Cezary Kowalewski: Department of Dermatology, Immunodermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82a, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland. ORCID
  3. Aneta Krolak-Ulinska: Academy of Face Sculpting, Jana Kazimierza 11B, 01-248 Warsaw, Poland.
  4. Wojciech Marusza: Academy of Face Sculpting, Jana Kazimierza 11B, 01-248 Warsaw, Poland.
PMID: 35897667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158088

Abstract

This paper discusses the mechanisms of drug resistance including: (1) introduction. (2) resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, with particular emphasis on the genes found in the family, the structure and occurrence of SCC cassettes, as well as differences in the presence of some virulence genes and its expression in major epidemiological types and clones of HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA, and LA-MRSA strains. Other mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics will also be discussed, such as mutations in the gene, BORSA or MODSA phenotypes, as well as resistance to ceftobiprole and ceftaroline. (3) Resistance to glycopeptides (VRSA, VISA, hVISA strains, vancomycin tolerance). (4) Resistance to oxazolidinones (mutational and enzymatic resistance to linezolid). (5) Resistance to MLS-B (macrolides, lincosamides, ketolides, and streptogramin B). (6) Aminoglycosides and spectinomicin, including resistance genes, their regulation and localization (plasmids, transposons, class I integrons, SCC), and types and spectrum of enzymes that inactivate aminoglycosides. (7). Fluoroquinolones (8) Tetracyclines, including the mechanisms of active protection of the drug target site and active efflux of the drug from the bacterial cell. (9) Mupirocin. (10) Fusidic acid. (11) Daptomycin. (12) Resistance to other antibiotics and chemioterapeutics (e.g., streptogramins A, quinupristin/dalfopristin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, fosfomycin, trimethoprim) (13) Molecular epidemiology of MRSA.

Keywords

HA/CA/LA-MRSA clones SCCmec Staphylococcus aureus mechanisms of drug resistance

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MeSH Term

Aminoglycosides
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Drug Resistance
Humans
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Staphylococcal Infections
Staphylococcus aureus

Chemicals

Aminoglycosides
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Journal Article Review
Article has an altmetric score of 2

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