OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Biomolecules
09 16, 2022;12 (9):

Ginsenoside and Its Therapeutic Potential for Cognitive Impairment.

Hui Feng, Mei Xue, Hao Deng, Shiqi Cheng, Yue Hu, Chunxiang Zhou
Author Information
  1. Hui Feng: School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China.
  2. Mei Xue: School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China.
  3. Hao Deng: Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300073, China.
  4. Shiqi Cheng: Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330008, China.
  5. Yue Hu: School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China. ORCID
  6. Chunxiang Zhou: School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210024, China.
PMID: 36139149 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091310

Abstract

Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the major clinical features of many neurodegenerative diseases. It can be aging-related or even appear in non-central nerve system (CNS) diseases. CI has a wide spectrum that ranges from the cognitive complaint with normal screening tests to mild CI and, at its end, dementia. Ginsenosides, agents extracted from a key Chinese herbal medicine (ginseng), show great promise as a new therapeutic option for treating CI. This review covered both clinical trials and preclinical studies to summarize the possible mechanisms of how ginsenosides affect CI in different diseases. It shows that ginsenosides can modulate signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. The involved signaling pathways mainly include the PI3K/Akt, CREB/BDNF, Keap1/Nrf2 signaling, and NF-��B/NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of CI for related diseases by ginsenosides.

Keywords

apoptosis cognitive impairment ginsenosides inflammation pharmacological properties

References

  1. Circ Res. 2017 Feb 3;120(3):449-471 [PMID: 28154097]
  2. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021 Jul;11(7):1813-1834 [PMID: 34386322]
  3. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014 Mar;69(3):282-94 [PMID: 23833204]
  4. Pharmacol Res. 2016 Dec;114:251-264 [PMID: 27826011]
  5. Phytother Res. 2020 Jun;34(6):1226-1236 [PMID: 31885119]
  6. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 May;89:124-134 [PMID: 28219050]
  7. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Jul;65(7):1497-1504 [PMID: 28295141]
  8. Nutrients. 2019 May 20;11(5): [PMID: 31137483]
  9. Cell Prolif. 2019 Nov;52(6):e12696 [PMID: 31599060]
  10. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2021 Mar;36(2):e2767 [PMID: 33217050]
  11. Drug Metab Rev. 2020 Feb;52(1):125-138 [PMID: 31984805]
  12. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2017 Jul 5;9(7): [PMID: 28062563]
  13. Redox Biol. 2020 Sep;36:101672 [PMID: 32828017]
  14. Phytother Res. 2012 Aug;26(8):1166-72 [PMID: 22213250]
  15. Molecules. 2019 Jul 03;24(13): [PMID: 31277214]
  16. Mol Med Rep. 2014 Apr;9(4):1434-8 [PMID: 24535619]
  17. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2014 Feb;387(2):129-41 [PMID: 24132508]
  18. Fitoterapia. 2014 Jul;96:48-55 [PMID: 24742562]
  19. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018 Nov;34(4):563-589 [PMID: 30336988]
  20. J Psychopharmacol. 2006 Nov;20(6):771-81 [PMID: 16401645]
  21. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019 Feb;67:78-86 [PMID: 30537634]
  22. Life Sci. 2020 Sep 15;257:118020 [PMID: 32603820]
  23. Trends Neurosci. 2000 Feb;23(2):48-53 [PMID: 10652539]
  24. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Jun 10;11:834 [PMID: 32587516]
  25. Anesth Analg. 2010 Feb;110(2):431-7 [PMID: 25508825]
  26. Pharmacol Res. 2018 Aug;134:92-99 [PMID: 29913224]
  27. Neuroscience. 2015 Apr 30;292:81-9 [PMID: 25724866]
  28. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Aug;15(8):865-8 [PMID: 18684311]
  29. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Jan 28;20(1):29 [PMID: 31992221]
  30. JAMA. 2019 Oct 22;322(16):1589-1599 [PMID: 31638686]
  31. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 6;108(49):E1339-48 [PMID: 22042871]
  32. Mol Cell Probes. 2019 Dec;48:101469 [PMID: 31629029]
  33. Neurobiol Aging. 2015 Feb;36(2):664-79 [PMID: 25316599]
  34. Aging (Albany NY). 2019 Dec 9;11(23):11186-11201 [PMID: 31816602]
  35. Neural Regen Res. 2014 Aug 1;9(15):1413-7 [PMID: 25317149]
  36. Phytochemistry. 2011 Jun;72(8):689-99 [PMID: 21396670]
  37. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 16;12(8):e0182933 [PMID: 28813475]
  38. Metab Brain Dis. 2018 Aug;33(4):1261-1274 [PMID: 29671210]
  39. Int J Mol Sci. 2013 May 08;14(5):9820-33 [PMID: 23698769]
  40. Phytochem Anal. 2019 Jan;30(1):26-33 [PMID: 30159954]
  41. Food Funct. 2020 May 1;11(5):4416-4427 [PMID: 32374299]
  42. Chin Med. 2020 May 07;15:44 [PMID: 32411290]
  43. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Apr;73(4):456-63 [PMID: 26926205]
  44. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Mar 1;284:79-85 [PMID: 29129800]
  45. Nat Commun. 2022 Apr 12;13(1):1969 [PMID: 35413950]
  46. Vitam Horm. 2017;104:153-195 [PMID: 28215294]
  47. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014 Apr;19(2):317-26 [PMID: 24503167]
  48. Nature. 2019 Nov;575(7784):669-673 [PMID: 31748742]
  49. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2009;55:1-99 [PMID: 18772102]
  50. Behav Brain Res. 2009 Aug 12;201(2):311-7 [PMID: 19428650]
  51. Brain Res. 1994 Jun 27;649(1-2):7-11 [PMID: 7953656]
  52. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Feb 15;12(4):4010-4039 [PMID: 32062613]
  53. Neurology. 2014 May 6;82(18):1613-9 [PMID: 24706014]
  54. Neural Regen Res. 2012 Dec 25;7(36):2860-6 [PMID: 25317137]
  55. J Nutr Biochem. 2011 May;22(5):476-86 [PMID: 20688501]
  56. Neurochem Res. 2018 Aug;43(8):1529-1538 [PMID: 29926354]
  57. EMBO J. 2001 Jan 15;20(1-2):27-39 [PMID: 11226152]
  58. Phytother Res. 2017 Jan;31(1):81-89 [PMID: 27762477]
  59. Mol Neurobiol. 2018 Nov;55(11):8602-8611 [PMID: 29574629]
  60. J Surg Res. 2017 Jan;207:181-189 [PMID: 27979475]
  61. Brain Res. 2010 May 28;1333:1-8 [PMID: 20381470]
  62. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2015 Mar;23(2):156-64 [PMID: 25767684]
  63. Dev Neurobiol. 2018 Jul;78(7):647-659 [PMID: 29575722]
  64. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:229-65 [PMID: 19302040]
  65. J Ginseng Res. 2019 Jul;43(3):402-407 [PMID: 31308812]
  66. Nutr Neurosci. 2012 Nov;15(6):278-82 [PMID: 22780999]
  67. Cancer Res. 2010 Apr 15;70(8):3391-401 [PMID: 20388777]
  68. Cell Death Dis. 2019 Feb 12;10(2):128 [PMID: 30755589]
  69. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 30;9(6):e101291 [PMID: 24979747]
  70. J Neurophysiol. 2021 Jun 1;125(6):2117-2124 [PMID: 33949883]
  71. Inflammopharmacology. 2014 Jun;22(3):155-67 [PMID: 24052247]
  72. Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 Jul;24(7):281-5 [PMID: 10390618]
  73. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014 Oct 15;969:264-71 [PMID: 25203723]
  74. J Neurochem. 2008 Mar;104(6):1433-9 [PMID: 18088381]
  75. Neuropharmacology. 2018 Mar 15;131:364-376 [PMID: 29329879]
  76. Molecules. 2019 Jul 18;24(14): [PMID: 31323835]
  77. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2013 Feb;39(1):51-68 [PMID: 23046210]
  78. J Ginseng Res. 2019 Oct;43(4):499-507 [PMID: 31695559]
  79. J Ginseng Res. 2021 Jan;45(1):108-118 [PMID: 33437162]
  80. Nat Prod Rep. 2015 Feb;32(2):256-72 [PMID: 25347695]
  81. Neurobiol Dis. 2005 Nov;20(2):491-9 [PMID: 15896972]
  82. Int J Mol Med. 2017 Oct;40(4):1134-1142 [PMID: 28849171]
  83. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Aug 22;190:219-30 [PMID: 27275774]
  84. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 Jul 1;20(7):519-528 [PMID: 28201726]
  85. Biomed Res Int. 2020 May 20;2020:3905719 [PMID: 32550230]
  86. Brain. 2018 Jul 1;141(7):1917-1933 [PMID: 29850777]
  87. Phytochemistry. 2014 Oct;106:7-24 [PMID: 25108743]
  88. Cereb Cortex. 2018 Feb 1;28(2):538-548 [PMID: 27999124]
  89. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Apr 16;10:395 [PMID: 31040784]
  90. Behav Brain Res. 2013 Mar 15;241:228-34 [PMID: 23219964]
  91. Neurobiol Aging. 2015 Aug;36(8):2406-13 [PMID: 26025137]
  92. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Dec;37(12):2290-8 [PMID: 19786509]
  93. Brain Res. 2009 Feb 23;1256:111-22 [PMID: 19133247]
  94. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 27;9(6):e101077 [PMID: 24971630]
  95. Mol Neurobiol. 2017 May;54(4):2889-2900 [PMID: 27021024]
  96. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Jun 15;710(1-3):29-38 [PMID: 23588117]
  97. Neurochem Res. 2018 Feb;43(2):430-440 [PMID: 29147958]
  98. Mol Neurodegener. 2011 Aug 19;6:60 [PMID: 21854604]
  99. Mol Psychiatry. 2020 Mar;25(3):530-543 [PMID: 31801966]
  100. Drug Saf. 2002;25(5):323-44 [PMID: 12020172]
  101. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012 Mar;101(1):93-8 [PMID: 22197711]
  102. Behav Brain Res. 2018 Jun 1;345:83-92 [PMID: 29501622]
  103. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2020 Feb 1;367(4): [PMID: 31950993]
  104. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001 Jul;22(7):657-62 [PMID: 11749833]
  105. J Psychopharmacol. 2009 Jan;23(1):74-83 [PMID: 18308784]
  106. Mol Cell. 2004 May 7;14(3):395-403 [PMID: 15125842]
  107. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 Jan;131(1):168-173 [PMID: 23271526]
  108. J Neurosci Res. 2001 Mar 15;63(6):509-15 [PMID: 11241586]
  109. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011 Jun;7(6):327-40 [PMID: 21537349]
  110. Biomed Environ Sci. 2017 May;30(5):363-372 [PMID: 28549492]
  111. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Jul;91:208-219 [PMID: 28458159]
  112. J Ginseng Res. 2018 Oct;42(4):401-411 [PMID: 30337800]
  113. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2019 Oct 1;1128:121777 [PMID: 31487566]
  114. Cell. 1991 Jul 26;66(2):395-403 [PMID: 1649702]
  115. Neurochem Int. 2020 Feb;133:104586 [PMID: 31756514]
  116. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013 May;106:57-67 [PMID: 23541491]
  117. Mol Brain. 2019 Sep 5;12(1):77 [PMID: 31488185]
  118. J Ginseng Res. 2021 Nov;45(6):665-675 [PMID: 34764721]
  119. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012 Jan 30;675(1-3):15-21 [PMID: 22166376]
  120. Mov Disord. 2021 Mar;36(3):642-650 [PMID: 33137238]
  121. J Neurochem. 2020 Sep;154(6):583-597 [PMID: 32180217]
  122. Phytother Res. 2018 Jun;32(6):1056-1063 [PMID: 29468740]
  123. Mol Med Rep. 2021 Apr;23(4): [PMID: 33649817]
  124. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;45(1):212-225 [PMID: 29357320]
  125. Life Sci. 2017 Jan 1;168:16-23 [PMID: 27825720]
  126. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2021 May 10;198:113999 [PMID: 33706145]
  127. Pharmacol Rev. 2006 Mar;58(1):115-34 [PMID: 16507885]
  128. Mol Med Rep. 2016 Sep;14(3):2778-84 [PMID: 27485139]
  129. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;64(1):309-322 [PMID: 29865080]
  130. Biotechnol Adv. 2015 Nov 1;33(6 Pt 1):717-35 [PMID: 25747290]
  131. Phytother Res. 2021 May;35(5):2523-2535 [PMID: 33783035]
  132. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2020 Jun 1;1866(6):165767 [PMID: 32171891]
  133. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020 Mar 11;9(3): [PMID: 32168776]
  134. JAMA. 1983 Apr 15;249(15):2018 [PMID: 6834589]
  135. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19(3):977-89 [PMID: 20157253]
  136. Am J Transl Res. 2019 May 15;11(5):2955-2968 [PMID: 31217866]
  137. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2021 Aug 5;202:114140 [PMID: 34015592]
  138. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2019 Aug;21(8):772-781 [PMID: 30501509]
  139. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2008 Sep;29(9):1119-26 [PMID: 18718181]
  140. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2013 Feb;34(2):214-20 [PMID: 23202798]
  141. J Ginseng Res. 2018 Apr;42(2):123-132 [PMID: 29719458]
  142. J Mol Med (Berl). 2019 Feb;97(2):153-161 [PMID: 30617854]
  143. J Ginseng Res. 2018 Jul;42(3):361-369 [PMID: 29983618]
  144. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019 Mar;20(3):148-160 [PMID: 30737462]
  145. Neuroscience. 2011 Nov 10;195:1-8 [PMID: 21864652]
  146. Mol Med Rep. 2016 Jun;13(6):4904-10 [PMID: 27082952]
  147. Aging (Albany NY). 2019 Apr 4;11(7):1934-1964 [PMID: 30958793]
  148. Phytother Res. 2010 Dec;24(12):1748-54 [PMID: 20564503]
  149. Biol Pharm Bull. 2014;37(5):826-33 [PMID: 24599032]
  150. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2007 Jan;66(1):75-85 [PMID: 17204939]
  151. Int J Med Sci. 2020 Apr 15;17(8):1048-1055 [PMID: 32410834]
  152. Arch Pharm Res. 2010 Oct;33(10):1655-64 [PMID: 21052941]
  153. Neurochem Res. 2020 Nov;45(11):2560-2572 [PMID: 32929691]
  154. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022 Jan 29;590:14-19 [PMID: 34968779]
  155. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Sep 15;131(2):313-20 [PMID: 20600754]
  156. Pharmacol Res. 2020 Sep;159:105031 [PMID: 32562816]
  157. Eur J Neurol. 2006 Sep;13(9):981-5 [PMID: 16930364]
  158. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;65(4):1385-1400 [PMID: 30175975]
  159. J Clin Invest. 2018 Apr 2;128(4):1208-1216 [PMID: 29457783]
  160. Neurobiol Dis. 2018 Jun;114:24-30 [PMID: 29477641]
  161. Biol Pharm Bull. 2021 Nov 1;44(11):1688-1696 [PMID: 34433707]
  162. J Agric Food Chem. 2016 Apr 13;64(14):2855-64 [PMID: 27012214]
  163. CNS Spectr. 2019 Feb;24(1):78-87 [PMID: 30651152]
  164. Genes Dev. 1999 Jan 1;13(1):76-86 [PMID: 9887101]
  165. Life Sci. 2020 Oct 1;258:118107 [PMID: 32682919]
  166. Molecules. 2019 Aug 14;24(16): [PMID: 31416121]
  167. Am J Transl Res. 2018 Mar 15;10(3):796-805 [PMID: 29636869]
  168. Pharmacol Res. 2019 Jan;139:512-523 [PMID: 30394318]
  169. J Ginseng Res. 2018 Apr;42(2):225-228 [PMID: 29719470]
  170. J Mol Endocrinol. 2020 Feb;64(2):115-123 [PMID: 31855559]
  171. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2017 Aug 31;18:115-142 [PMID: 28859574]
  172. Ann Med. 2014 Sep;46(6):372-83 [PMID: 24897931]
  173. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Jan;76 Pt C:677-83 [PMID: 23688925]
  174. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Apr 28;13:903235 [PMID: 35571135]
  175. Front Pharmacol. 2017 May 29;8:315 [PMID: 28611667]
  176. Food Funct. 2016 Nov 9;7(11):4506-4515 [PMID: 27801453]
  177. Biomolecules. 2020 Feb 28;10(3): [PMID: 32121159]
  178. J Sex Med. 2010 Apr;7(4 Pt 1):1469-77 [PMID: 20141583]
  179. Molecules. 2020 Jul 29;25(15): [PMID: 32751233]
  180. Neurochem Res. 2017 May;42(5):1299-1307 [PMID: 28078612]
  181. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Mar 7;146(1):294-9 [PMID: 23313392]
  182. Aging (Albany NY). 2019 Jul 17;11(14):5008-5034 [PMID: 31314744]
  183. J Agric Food Chem. 2017 Apr 5;65(13):2719-2729 [PMID: 28314104]
  184. Front Cell Neurosci. 2016 Nov 30;10:271 [PMID: 27965539]
  185. Mol Neurobiol. 2019 Aug;56(8):5626-5642 [PMID: 30659419]
  186. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Feb 25;22(5): [PMID: 33668976]
  187. Neurochem Res. 2014 Jul;39(7):1363-73 [PMID: 24792734]
  188. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015;39(5-6):251-6 [PMID: 25661865]
  189. Anesthesiology. 2006 Sep;105(3):441-2 [PMID: 16931972]
  190. Behav Brain Res. 2018 Sep 3;349:109-115 [PMID: 29544964]
  191. Neurotox Res. 2019 Apr;35(3):775-795 [PMID: 30707354]
  192. Front Pharmacol. 2022 May 02;13:846541 [PMID: 35586062]
  193. Hum Mol Genet. 2018 Aug 15;27(16):2874-2892 [PMID: 29860433]
  194. Int J Mol Med. 2014 Jan;33(1):234-40 [PMID: 24212564]
  195. Brain Res. 2011 Mar 25;1382:147-54 [PMID: 21276426]
  196. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 Sep 21;45(1):164-170 [PMID: 17560064]
  197. Behav Brain Res. 2013 Apr 1;242:1-8 [PMID: 23266522]
  198. J Neurochem. 2002 Dec;83(6):1529-33 [PMID: 12472906]
  199. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016 Sep;73(17):3221-47 [PMID: 27100828]
  200. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2022 Jun;99(6):884-896 [PMID: 35313087]
  201. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2017 May;1863(5):1037-1045 [PMID: 27156888]
  202. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 Oct 24;15:386 [PMID: 26497388]
  203. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:677-736 [PMID: 11520916]
  204. Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(6):1103-15 [PMID: 22083984]
  205. Chem Biol Interact. 2017 Sep 25;275:152-161 [PMID: 28756148]
  206. Behav Brain Res. 2021 May 7;405:113146 [PMID: 33545198]
  207. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020 Jan 30;247:112213 [PMID: 31562951]
  208. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Sep;47(9):2257-68 [PMID: 19524010]
  209. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Jun;95(2):153-7 [PMID: 15215638]
  210. Neuropharmacology. 2018 Mar 1;130:77-91 [PMID: 29197516]
  211. J Ginseng Res. 2016 Jan;40(1):9-17 [PMID: 26843817]
  212. Pharmacol Res. 2020 Nov;161:105263 [PMID: 33127555]
  213. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Feb 10;266:113466 [PMID: 33049344]
  214. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Oct;212(3):345-56 [PMID: 20676609]
  215. Planta Med. 2001 Aug;67(6):533-7 [PMID: 11509974]
  216. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2013 Sep 30;21(5):381-90 [PMID: 24244826]
  217. J Pharmacol Sci. 2019 Mar;139(3):223-230 [PMID: 30799178]
  218. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2008 Jul-Sep;22(3):222-6 [PMID: 18580589]
  219. JAMA. 1979 Apr 13;241(15):1614-5 [PMID: 430716]
  220. Neurochem Res. 2012 Dec;37(12):2738-47 [PMID: 22903450]
  221. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2017 Oct;23(9-10):818-831 [PMID: 29198280]
  222. Fitoterapia. 2018 Sep;129:272-282 [PMID: 29883635]
  223. Planta Med. 1995 Oct;61(5):459-65 [PMID: 17238100]

MeSH Term

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Cognitive Dysfunction
Drugs, Chinese Herbal
Ginsenosides
Humans
Inflammasomes
Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1
NF-E2-Related Factor 2
NF-kappa B
NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

Chemicals

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Drugs, Chinese Herbal
Ginsenosides
Inflammasomes
Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1
NF-E2-Related Factor 2
NF-kappa B
NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
Journal Article Review Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0CIdiseasesginsenosidessignalingpathwaysCognitiveimpairmentclinicalcancognitiveapoptosisinflammationonemajorfeaturesmanyneurodegenerativeaging-relatedevenappearnon-centralnervesystemCNSwidespectrumrangescomplaintnormalscreeningtestsmildenddementiaGinsenosidesagentsextractedkeyChineseherbalmedicineginsengshowgreatpromisenewtherapeuticoptiontreatingreviewcoveredtrialspreclinicalstudiessummarizepossiblemechanismsaffectdifferentshowsmodulateassociatedoxidativestresssynapticplasticityneurogenesisinvolvedmainlyincludePI3K/AktCREB/BDNFKeap1/Nrf2NF-��B/NLRP3inflammasomehopeprovidetheoreticalbasistreatmentrelatedGinsenosideTherapeuticPotentialImpairmentpharmacologicalproperties

Similar Articles

Cited By