OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
Nov, 2023;58 (11): 1661-1674.

University students' intentions to seek psychological counseling, attitudes toward seeking psychological help, and stigma.

Saria S El-Hachem, Najla A Lakkis, Mona H Osman, Hanane G Issa, Ranin Y Beshara
Author Information
  1. Saria S El-Hachem: Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Beirut, Lebanon.
  2. Najla A Lakkis: Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Beirut, Lebanon. ne23@aub.edu.lb.
  3. Mona H Osman: Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Beirut, Lebanon.
  4. Hanane G Issa: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
  5. Ranin Y Beshara: Department of Family Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), Beirut, Lebanon.
PMID: 37037916 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02470-8

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Mental health problems are prevalent among university students worldwide. Studies have shown that most students do not disclose and do not get the psychological help and support they need.
OBJECTIVES: This survey aims to investigate the intentions to seek psychological counseling (ISC) among university students, their attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH), and the predictors of those intentions and attitudes including stigma.
DESIGN AND METHODS: a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 420 students at the American University of Beirut (AUB).
RESULTS: Depression, test anxiety, and difficulty sleeping are the three main reasons students would seek psychological help. The source the students most preferred to ask for help was one's family followed by psychologists and psychiatrists. Students' ATSPPH is a positive predictor of their ISC, while students' self-stigma of seeking help (SSOSH) is a negative predictor of their ATSPPH. Moreover, students' awareness of the psychological help system available on campus, free of charge, is a positive predictor for both ISC and ATSPPH.
CONCLUSION: Different interventions are needed to reduce stigma and enhance students' mental health literacy and awareness of the available professional psychological help on campus.

Keywords

Attitudes Intentions to seek counseling Stigma University students

References

  1. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators (2022) Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry 9(2):137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3 [DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3]
  2. GBD 2019 Adolescent Mortality Collaborators (2021) Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 398(10311):1593–1618. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01546-4 [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01546-4]
  3. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Thavorn K, Hutton B, Awiphan R, Phosuya C, Ruanta Y, Wongpakaran N, Wongpakaran T (2021) Global prevalence of mental health issues among the general population during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 11(1):10173. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89700-8 . (Published 2021 May 13) [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89700-8]
  4. Evans-Lacko S, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Al-Hamzawi A, Alonso J, Benjet C, Bruffaerts R, Chiu WT, Florescu S, de Girolamo G, Gureje O, Haro JM, He Y, Hu C, Karam EG, Kawakami N, Lee S, Lund C, Kovess-Masfety V, Levinson D, Navarro-Mateu F, Pennell BE, Sampson NA, Scott KM, Tachimori H, Ten Have M, Viana MC, Williams DR, Wojtyniak BJ, Zarkov Z, Kessler RC, Chatterji S, Thornicroft G (2018) Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Psychol Med 48(9):1560–1571. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717003336 [DOI: 10.1017/S0033291717003336]
  5. World Health Organization (WHO) (2021) Facts sheets. Depression. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression [accessed on Mar 30, 2022]
  6. Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Chatterji S, Lee S, Ormel J, Ustün TB, Wang PS (2009) The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 18(1):23–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001421 [DOI: 10.1017/s1121189x00001421]
  7. World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) Mental health: strengthening our response. Fact sheet N°220. World Health Organization. Updated August. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/ [accessed on Jul 11, 2015]
  8. Bilsen J (2018) Suicide and youth: risk factors. Front Psychiatry 9:540. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00540 [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00540]
  9. World Health Organization (WHO) (2021) Facts sheets. Suicide. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression [accessed on Mar 30, 2022]
  10. World Health Organization (2014) Preventing suicide: a global imperative. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564779 [accessed on Mar 30, 2022]
  11. Eskin M, Sun JM, Abuidhail J, Yoshimasu K, Kujan O, Janghorbani M, Flood C, Carta MG, Tran US, Mechri A, Hamdan M, Poyrazli S, Aidoudi K, Bakhshi S, Harlak H, Moro MF, Nawafleh H, Phillips L, Shaheen A, Taifour S, Tsuno K, Voracek M (2016) Suicidal behavior and psychological distress in university students: a 12-nation study. Arch Suicide Res 20(3):369–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1054055 [DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2015.1054055]
  12. Auerbach RP, Alonso J, Axinn WG, Cuijpers P, Ebert DD, Green JG, Hwang I, Kessler RC, Liu H, Mortier P, Nock MK, Pinder-Amaker S, Sampson NA, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Al-Hamzawi A, Andrade LH, Benjet C, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Demyttenaere K, Florescu S, de Girolamo G, Gureje O, Haro JM, Karam EG, Kiejna A, Kovess-Masfety V, Lee S, McGrath JJ, O’Neill S, Pennell BE, Scott K, Ten Have M, Torres Y, Zaslavsky AM, Zarkov Z, Bruffaerts R (2016) Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol Med 46(14):2955–2970. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716001665 [DOI: 10.1017/S0033291716001665]
  13. Auerbach RP, Mortier P, Bruffaerts R, Alonso J, Benjet C, Cuijpers P, Demyttenaere K, Ebert DD, Green JG, Hasking P, Murray E, Nock MK, Pinder-Amaker S, Sampson NA, Stein DJ, Vilagut G, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC, WHO WMH-ICS Collaborators (2018) WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 127(7):623–638. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000362 [DOI: 10.1037/abn0000362]
  14. Granieri A, Franzoi IG, Chung MC (2021) Editorial: psychological distress among university students. Front Psychol 12:647940. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647940 [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647940]
  15. Storrie K, Ahern K, Tuckett A (2010) A systematic review: students with mental health problems–a growing problem. Int J Nurs Pract 16(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01813.x [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2009.01813.x]
  16. Eisenberg D, Golberstein E, Gollust SE (2007) Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Med Care 45(7):594–601. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31803bb4c1 [DOI: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31803bb4c1]
  17. Theurel A, Witt A (2022) Identifying barriers to mental health help-seeking in french university students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Creat Educ 13:437–449. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.132025 [DOI: 10.4236/ce.2022.132025]
  18. The University of Nottingham (2011) Investigation into the Mental Health Help needs of International Students with particular reference to Chinese and Malaysian students. The University of Nottingham. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/studentservices/documents/investigation-into-the-mental-health-help--needs-of-international-students-with-particular-reference-to-chinese-and-malaysian-students.pdf [accessed on Jul 11, 2015]
  19. Collins ME, Mowbray CT (2005) Higher education and psychiatric disabilities: national survey of campus disability services. Am J Orthopsychiatry 75(2):304–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.304 [DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.304]
  20. Rosenthal B, Wilson WC (2008) Mental health services: use and disparity among diverse college students. J Am Coll Health 57(1):61–68. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.61-68 [DOI: 10.3200/JACH.57.1.61-68]
  21. O’Connor PJ, Martin B, Weeks CS, Ong L (2014) Factors that influence young people’s mental health help-seeking behaviour: a study based on the Health Belief Model. J Adv Nurs 70(11):2577–2587. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12423 [DOI: 10.1111/jan.12423]
  22. Thorley C (2017) Not By Degrees: Not by degrees: improving student mental health in the UK’s universities. IPPR, London
  23. Mitchell C, McMillan B, Hagan T (2017) Mental health help-seeking behaviours in young adults. Br J Gen Pract 67(654):8–9. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17X688453 [DOI: 10.3399/bjgp17X688453]
  24. Sagar-Ouriaghli I, Godfrey E, Bridge L, Meade L, Brown JSL (2019) Improving mental health service utilization among men: a systematic review and synthesis of behavior change techniques within interventions targeting help-seeking. Am J Mens Health 13(3):1557988319857009. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988319857009 [DOI: 10.1177/1557988319857009]
  25. Staiger T, Stiawa M, Mueller-Stierlin AS, Kilian R, Beschoner P, Gündel H, Becker T, Frasch K, Panzirsch M, Schmauß M, Krumm S (2020) Masculinity and help-seeking among men with depression: a qualitative study. Front Psychiatry 11:599039. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599039 [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599039]
  26. Krumm S, Checchia C, Koesters M, Kilian R, Becker T (2017) Men’s views on depression: a systematic review and metasynthesis of qualitative research. Psychopathology 50(2):107–124. https://doi.org/10.1159/000455256 . (Epub 2017 Mar 11) [DOI: 10.1159/000455256]
  27. Shi W, Shen Z, Wang S, Hall BJ (2020) Barriers to professional mental health help-seeking among chinese adults: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 20(11):442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00442 [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00442]
  28. Pattyn E, Verhaeghe M, Sercu C, Bracke P (2014) Public stigma and self-stigma: differential association with attitudes toward formal and informal help seeking. Psychiatr Serv 65(2):232–238. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200561 [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200561]
  29. Sartorius N (2007) Stigma and mental health. Lancet 370(9590):810–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61245-8 [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61245-8]
  30. World Health Organization (WHO) (2009) Stigma and discrimination. World Health Organization. http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/priority-areas/stigma-and-discrimination [accessed on May 2, 2017]
  31. Corrigan P (2004) How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am Psychol 59(7):614–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614 [DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614]
  32. Magaard JL, Seeralan T, Schulz H, Brütt AL (2017) Factors associated with help-seeking behaviour among individuals with major depression: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 12(5):e0176730. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176730 [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176730]
  33. McKenzie SK, Collings S, Jenkin G, River J (2018) Masculinity, social connectedness, and mental health: men’s diverse patterns of practice. Am J Mens Health 12(5):1247–1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318772732 [DOI: 10.1177/1557988318772732]
  34. Picco L, Abdin E, Chong SA, Pang S, Shafie S, Chua BY, Vaingankar JA, Ong LP, Tay J, Subramaniam M (2016) Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help: factor structure and socio-demographic predictors. Front Psychol 7:547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00547 [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00547]
  35. Lannin DG, Bible J (2022) Self-stigma of seeking help: a meta-analysis. In: Vogel DL, Wade NG (eds) The Cambridge handbook of stigma and mental health. Cambridge handbooks in psychology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 111–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108920995.009 [DOI: 10.1017/9781108920995.009]
  36. Latalova K, Kamaradova D, Prasko J (2014) Perspectives on perceived stigma and self-stigma in adult male patients with depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 10:1399–1405. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S54081 . (Published 2014 Jul 29) [DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S54081]
  37. Vogel DL, Wade NG, Ascheman PL (2009) Measuring perceptions of stigmatization by others for seeking psychological help: reliability and validity of a new stigma scale with college students. J Couns Psychol 56(2):301–308. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014903 [DOI: 10.1037/a0014903]
  38. Vogel DL, Wade NG, Haake S (2006) Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. J Couns Psychol 53:325–337. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325 [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.325]
  39. Bathje G, Pryor J (2011) The relationships of public and self-stigma to seeking mental health services. J Mental Health Counsel 33:161–176. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.33.2.g6320392741604l1 [DOI: 10.17744/mehc.33.2.g6320392741604l1]
  40. Saunders SM (1993) Applicants’ experience of the process of seeking therapy. Psychotherapy 30:554–564. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.30.4.554 [DOI: 10.1037/0033-3204.30.4.554]
  41. Lin E, Parikh SV (1999) Sociodemographic, clinical, and attitudinal characteristics of the untreated depressed in Ontario. J Affect Disord 53(2):153–162 [DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00116-5]
  42. Bhugra D, Hicks MH (2004) Effect of an educational pamphlet on help-seeking attitudes for depression among British South Asian women. Psychiatr Serv 55(7):827–829. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.7.827 [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.55.7.827]
  43. Boerema AM, Kleiboer A, Beekman AT, van Zoonen K, Dijkshoorn H, Cuijpers P (2016) Determinants of help-seeking behavior in depression: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 16(1):78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0790-0 [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0790-0]
  44. Zolezzi M, Alamri M, Shaar S, Rainkie D (2018) Stigma associated with mental illness and its treatment in the Arab culture: a systematic review. Int J Soc Psychiatry 64(6):597–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018789200 . (Epub 2018 Jul 18) [DOI: 10.1177/0020764018789200]
  45. Dardas LA, Simmons LA (2015) The stigma of mental illness in Arab families: a concept analysis. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 22(9):668–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12237 . (Epub 2015 Jun 29) [DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12237]
  46. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) Lebanon country profile. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/countries/lbn/en/ [accessed on Oct 09, 2016].
  47. Craig DS (2003) The Middle East For Dummies Paperback
  48. Karam EG, Mneimneh ZN, Dimassi H et al (2008) Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in Lebanon: first onset, treatment, and exposure to war. PLoS Med 5(4):e61. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050061 [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050061]
  49. Abi Doumit C, Haddad C, Sacre H, Salameh P, Akel M, Obeid S, Akiki M, Mattar E, Hilal N, Hallit S, Soufia M (2019) Knowledge, attitude and behaviors towards patients with mental illness: results from a national Lebanese study. PLoS ONE 14(9):e0222172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222172 [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222172]
  50. Rayan A, Fawaz M (2018) Cultural misconceptions and public stigma against mental illness among Lebanese university students. Perspect Psychiatr Care 54(2):258–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12232 . (Epub 2017 Jul 20) [DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12232]
  51. Cash TF, Begley PJ, McCown DA, Weise BC (1975) When counselors are heard but not seen: initial impact of physical attractiveness. J Couns Psychol 22:273–279 [DOI: 10.1037/h0076730]
  52. Kelly AE, Achter JA (1995) Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. J Couns Psychol 42:40–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.42.1.40 [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.42.1.40]
  53. Leech NL (2007) Cramer’s model of willingness to seek counseling: a structural equation model for counseling students. J Psychol 141(4):435–445. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.141.4.435-448 [DOI: 10.3200/JRLP.141.4.435-448]
  54. Pheko MM, Chilisa R, Balogun SK, Kgathi C (2013) Predicting intentions to seek psychological help among Botswana university students: the role of stigma and help-seeking attitudes. SAGE Open 3(3):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013494655 [DOI: 10.1177/2158244013494655]
  55. Fischer E, Farina A (1995) Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help: a shortened form and considerations for research. J Coll Stud Dev 36:368–373
  56. Constantine MG (2002) Predictors of satisfaction with counseling: racial and ethnic minority clients’ attitudes toward counseling and ratings of their counselors’ general and multicultural competence. J Couns Psychol 49:255–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.49.2.255 [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.49.2.255]
  57. Elhai JD, Schweinle W, Anderson SM (2008) Reliability and validity of the attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help scale-short form. Psychiatry Res 159(3):320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.04.020 [DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.04.020]
  58. Komiya N, Good GE, Sherrod NB (2000) Emotional openness as a predictor of college students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help. J Couns Psychol 17:138–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.138 [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.138]
  59. Yu BCL, Chio FHN, Chan KKY, Mak WWS, Zhang G, Vogel D, Lai MHC (2022) Associations between public and self-stigma of help-seeking with help-seeking attitudes and intention: a meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach. J Couns Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000637 . (Epub ahead of print) [DOI: 10.1037/cou0000637]
  60. Clarkin JF, Levy KN (2004) The influence of client variables on psychotherapy. In: Lambert MJ (ed) Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, 5th edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, pp 194–226
  61. Nam SK, Chu HJ, Lee MK, Lee JH, Kim N, Lee SM (2010) A meta-analysis of gender differences in attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. J Am Coll Health 59:110–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2010.483714 [DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2010.483714]
  62. Al-Darmaki F (2011) Needs, attitudes toward seeking professional help, and preferred sources of help among Emirati college students. J Int Counsel Educ 3:39–57
  63. El Halabi S, Founouni ZN, Arawi T (2019) Social construction of Arab masculinity and its effects on mental health. In: Laher I (ed) Handbook of healthcare in the Arab world. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_175-1 [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_175-1]
  64. Rüsch N, Angermeyer MC, Corrigan PW (2005) Mental illness stigma: concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. Eur Psychiatry 20(8):529–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004 [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004]
  65. El Kahi HA, Abi Rizk GY, Hlais SA, Adib SM (2012) Health-care-seeking behaviour among university students in Lebanon. East Mediterr Health J 18(6):598–606. https://doi.org/10.26719/2012.18.6.598 [DOI: 10.26719/2012.18.6.598]
  66. Barker G (2007) Adolescents, social support and help-seeking behaviour: an international literature review and programme consultation with recommendations for action/Gary Barker. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43778
  67. van Venrooij LT, Barnhoorn PC, Giltay EJ, van Noorden MS (2015) Burnout, depression and anxiety in preclinical medical students: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Adolesc Med Health. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2015-0077 [DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2015-0077]
  68. Goodwin J, Behan L, Kelly P, McCarthy K, Horgan A (2016) Help-seeking behaviors and mental well-being of first year undergraduate university students. Psychiatry Res 30(246):129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.015 . (Epub 2016 Sep 17) [DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.015]
  69. D’Avanzo B, Barbato A, Erzegovesi S, Lampertico L, Rapisarda F, Valsecchi L (2012) Formal and informal help-seeking for mental health problems. A survey of preferences of Italian students. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 8:47–51. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901208010047 . (Epub 2012 May 31) [DOI: 10.2174/1745017901208010047]
  70. Leavey G, Rothi D, Paul R (2011) Trust, autonomy and relationships: the help-seeking preferences of young people in secondary level schools in London (UK). J Adolesc 34(4):685–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.004 . (Epub 2010 Oct 16) [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.004]
  71. Barney LJ, Griffiths KM, Jorm AF, Christensen H (2006) Stigma about depression and its impact on help-seeking intentions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 40(1):51–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01741.x [DOI: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01741.x]
  72. Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R, Adams C, Alleyne G, Asaria P, Baugh V, Bekedam H, Billo N, Casswell S, Cecchini M, Colagiuri R, Colagiuri S, Collins T, Ebrahim S, Engelgau M, Galea G, Gaziano T, Geneau R, Haines A, Hospedales J, Jha P, Keeling A, Leeder S, Lincoln P, McKee M, Mackay J, Magnusson R, Moodie R, Mwatsama M, Nishtar S, Norrving B, Patterson D, Piot P, Ralston J, Rani M, Reddy KS, Sassi F, Sheron N, Stuckler D, Suh I, Torode J, Varghese C, Watt J, Lancet NCD Action Group; NCD Alliance. Lancet NCD Action Group; NCD Alliance (2011) Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis. Lancet 377(9775):1438–1447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60393-0 [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60393-0]
  73. Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y, Lynch J, Hallqvist J, Power C (2003) Life course epidemiology. J Epidemiol Community Health 57:778–783. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.10.778 [DOI: 10.1136/jech.57.10.778]

MeSH Term

Humans
Intention
Universities
Cross-Sectional Studies
Social Stigma
Students
Patient Acceptance of Health Care
Counseling
Mental Disorders
Journal Article
Article has an altmetric score of 1

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0psychologicalhelpstudentsseekATSPPHstudents'amongintentionscounselingISCattitudesseekingstigmaUniversitypredictorhealthuniversitysurveytowardprofessionalpositiveawarenessavailablecampusBACKGROUND:MentalproblemsprevalentworldwideStudiesshowndisclosegetsupportneedOBJECTIVES:aimsinvestigatepredictorsincludingDESIGNANDMETHODS:cross-sectionalconducted420AmericanBeirutAUBRESULTS:Depressiontestanxietydifficultysleepingthreemainreasonssourcepreferredaskone'sfamilyfollowedpsychologistspsychiatristsStudents'self-stigmaSSOSHnegativeMoreoversystemfreechargeCONCLUSION:DifferentinterventionsneededreduceenhancementalliteracyAttitudesIntentionsStigma

Similar Articles

Cited By