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European child & adolescent psychiatry
May, 2024;33 (5): 1257-1312.

Scoping review: longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health.

Kristin Wolf, Julian Schmitz
Author Information
  1. Kristin Wolf: Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Wilhelm-Wundt-Institute for Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. kristin.wolf@uni-leipzig.de. ORCID
  2. Julian Schmitz: Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Wilhelm-Wundt-Institute for Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. ORCID
PMID: 37081139 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02206-8

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated containment measures have massively changed the daily lives of billions of children and adolescents worldwide. To investigate the global longitudinal effects on various mental health outcomes over a period of 1.5 years, we conducted a scoping review in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We included the peer-reviewed articles from PubMed, Web of Science, and APA PsycInfo that were published between December 2019 and December 2021, followed a longitudinal or repeated cross-sectional design, and quantitatively assessed with clinical questionnaires the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic or a related stressor on mental health indicators in community samples of children and adolescents.The results of our qualitative analysis of 69 studies indicate a general trend of less psychological well-being and more mental health problems, such as heightened stress, and depressive and anxiety symptoms during the pandemic. Data suggest that both protection measure intensity and infection dynamics were positively associated with severity of the psychopathology. The most reported influencing factors were age, gender, socio-economic status, previous state of mental and physical health, self-regulation abilities, parental mental health, parenting quality, family functioning, social support, isolation and loneliness, health-related worries, and consistent routines and structure. Our results demonstrate that children and adolescents worldwide have experienced more mental health problems due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They call for improved access to child and adolescent mental health care and prioritisation of child and adolescent welfare in political decision making.

Keywords

COVID-19 pandemic Childhood and adolescence Coronavirus Longitudinal Mental health Scoping review

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MeSH Term

Humans
COVID-19
Adolescent
Child
Mental Health
Longitudinal Studies
SARS-CoV-2
Mental Disorders
Stress, Psychological
Journal Article Scoping Review
Article has an altmetric score of 46

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