An Updated Review on Monkeypox Viral Disease: Emphasis on Genomic Diversity.
Ali A Rabaan, Nada A Alasiri, Mohammed Aljeldah, Abeer N Alshukairiis, Zainab AlMusa, Wadha A Alfouzan, Abdulmonem A Abuzaid, Aref A Alamri, Hani M Al-Afghani, Nadira Al-Baghli, Nawal Alqahtani, Nadia Al-Baghli, Mashahed Y Almoutawa, Maha Mahmoud Alawi, Mohammed Alabdullah, Neda A Al Bati, Abdulmonem A Alsaleh, Huseyin Tombuloglu, Kovy Arteaga-Livias, Tareq Al-Ahdal, Mohammed Garout, Mohd Imran
Author Information
Ali A Rabaan: Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia. ORCID
Nada A Alasiri: Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia. ORCID
Mohammed Aljeldah: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia. ORCID
Abeer N Alshukairiis: College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia.
Zainab AlMusa: Infectious Disease Section, Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia.
Wadha A Alfouzan: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
Abdulmonem A Abuzaid: Medical Microbiology Department, Security Forces Hospital Programme, Dammam 32314, Saudi Arabia.
Aref A Alamri: Molecular Microbiology and Cytogenetics Department, Riyadh Regional Laboratory, Riyadh 11425, Saudi Arabia.
Hani M Al-Afghani: Laboratory Department, Security Forces Hospital, Makkah 24269, Saudi Arabia.
Nadira Al-Baghli: Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia.
Nawal Alqahtani: Directorate of Public Health, Dammam Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia.
Nadia Al-Baghli: Directorate of Health Affairs, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
Mashahed Y Almoutawa: Primary Healthcare, Qatif Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa 32833, Saudi Arabia.
Maha Mahmoud Alawi: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed Alabdullah: Department of Infectious Diseases, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al Mubarraz 36342, Saudi Arabia.
Neda A Al Bati: Medical and Clinical Affairs, Rural Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulmonem A Alsaleh: Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia.
Huseyin Tombuloglu: Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia. ORCID
Kovy Arteaga-Livias: Escuela de Medicina-Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica 11000, Peru. ORCID
Tareq Al-Ahdal: Research Associate, Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Neuenheimerfeld130/3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. ORCID
Mohammed Garout: Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.
Mohd Imran: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia. ORCID
Monkeypox virus has remained the most virulent poxvirus since the elimination of smallpox approximately 41 years ago, with distribution mostly in Central and West Africa. Monkeypox (Mpox) in humans is a zoonotically transferred disease that results in a smallpox-like disease. It was first diagnosed in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and the disease has spread over West and Central Africa. The purpose of this review was to give an up-to-date, thorough, and timely overview on the genomic diversity and evolution of a re-emerging infectious disease. The genetic profile of Mpox may also be helpful in targeting new therapeutic options based on genes, mutations, and phylogeny. Mpox has become a major threat to global health security, necessitating a quick response by virologists, veterinarians, public health professionals, doctors, and researchers to create high-efficiency diagnostic tests, vaccinations, antivirals, and other infection control techniques. The emergence of epidemics outside of Africa emphasizes the disease's global significance. Increased monitoring and identification of Mpox cases are critical tools for obtaining a better knowledge of the ever-changing epidemiology of this disease.
