Five state factors control progressive stages of freshwater salinization syndrome.
Sujay S Kaushal, Paul M Mayer, Gene E Likens, Jenna E Reimer, Carly M Maas, Megan A Rippy, Stanley B Grant, Ian Hart, Ryan M Utz, Ruth R Shatkay, Barret M Wessel, Christine E Maietta, Michael L Pace, Shuiwang Duan, Walter L Boger, Alexis M Yaculak, Joseph G Galella, Kelsey L Wood, Carol J Morel, William Nguyen, Shane Elizabeth C Querubin, Rebecca A Sukert, Anna Lowien, Alyssa Wellman Houde, Anaïs Roussel, Andrew J Houston, Ari Cacopardo, Cristy Ho, Haley Talbot-Wendlandt, Jacob M Widmer, Jairus Slagle, James A Bader, Jeng Hann Chong, Jenna Wollney, Jordan Kim, Lauren Shepherd, Matthew T Wilfong, Megan Houlihan, Nathan Sedghi, Rebecca Butcher, Sona Chaudhary, William D Becker
Author Information
Sujay S Kaushal: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. ORCID
Paul M Mayer: Pacific Ecological Systems Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Corvallis, Oregon. ORCID
Gene E Likens: Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York. ORCID
Jenna E Reimer: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Carly M Maas: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Megan A Rippy: Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, Virginia. ORCID
Stanley B Grant: Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, Virginia. ORCID
Ian Hart: Chatham University, Gibsonia, Pennsylvania.
Ryan M Utz: Chatham University, Gibsonia, Pennsylvania. ORCID
Ruth R Shatkay: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Barret M Wessel: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. ORCID
Christine E Maietta: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. ORCID
Michael L Pace: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. ORCID
Shuiwang Duan: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Walter L Boger: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Alexis M Yaculak: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Joseph G Galella: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Kelsey L Wood: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Carol J Morel: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
William Nguyen: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Shane Elizabeth C Querubin: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Rebecca A Sukert: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Anna Lowien: Environmental Science & Policy Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Alyssa Wellman Houde: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Anaïs Roussel: Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia.
Andrew J Houston: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Ari Cacopardo: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Cristy Ho: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Haley Talbot-Wendlandt: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Jacob M Widmer: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Jairus Slagle: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
James A Bader: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Jeng Hann Chong: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. ORCID
Jenna Wollney: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Jordan Kim: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Lauren Shepherd: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Matthew T Wilfong: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. ORCID
Megan Houlihan: Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Nathan Sedghi: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Rebecca Butcher: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Sona Chaudhary: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
William D Becker: Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Factors driving freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS) influence the severity of impacts and chances for recovery. We hypothesize that spread of FSS across ecosystems is a function of interactions among five state factors: , and . (1) drive pulsed or chronic inputs of salt ions and mobilization of chemical contaminants. (2) drives rates of erosion, weathering, ion exchange, and acidification-alkalinization. (3) drive salinization and contaminant mobilization along hydrologic cycles. (4) drives rising water temperatures, salt stress, and evaporative concentration of ions and saltwater intrusion. (5) influences consequences, thresholds, and potentials for ecosystem recovery. We hypothesize that state factors advance FSS in distinct stages, which eventually contribute to failures in systems-level functions (supporting drinking water, crops, biodiversity, infrastructure, etc.). We present future research directions for protecting freshwaters at risk based on five state factors and stages from diagnosis to prognosis to cure.
Associated Data
Dryad | 10.5061/dryad.kd51c5b77
References
Environ Toxicol. 2013 Jul;28(7):359-71
[PMID: 21626650]
