OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)
Mar, 2024;20 (9): e2305528.

Magnetic Lateral Ladder for Unidirectional Transport of Microrobots: Design Principles and Potential Applications of Cells-on-Chip.

Abbas Ali, Hyeonseol Kim, Sri Ramulu Torati, Yumin Kang, Venu Reddy, Keonmok Kim, Jonghwan Yoon, Byeonghwa Lim, CheolGi Kim
Author Information
  1. Abbas Ali: Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. ORCID
  2. Hyeonseol Kim: Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. ORCID
  3. Sri Ramulu Torati: Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. ORCID
  4. Yumin Kang: Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. ORCID
  5. Venu Reddy: Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
  6. Keonmok Kim: Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
  7. Jonghwan Yoon: Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. ORCID
  8. Byeonghwa Lim: Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. ORCID
  9. CheolGi Kim: Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. ORCID
PMID: 37845030 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305528

Abstract

Functionalized microrobots, which are directionally manipulated in a controlled and precise manner for specific tasks, face challenges. However, magnetic field-based controls constrain all microrobots to move in a coordinated manner, limiting their functions and independent behaviors. This article presents a design principle for achieving unidirectional microrobot transport using an asymmetric magnetic texture in the shape of a lateral ladder, which the authors call the "railway track." An asymmetric magnetic energy distribution along the axis allows for the continuous movement of microrobots in a fixed direction regardless of the direction of the magnetic field rotation. The authors demonstrated precise control and simple utilization of this method. Specifically, by placing magnetic textures with different directionalities, an integrated cell/particle collector can collect microrobots distributed in a large area and move them along a complex trajectory to a predetermined location.  The authors can leverage the versatile capabilities offered by this texture concept, including hierarchical isolation, switchable collection, programmable pairing, selective drug-response test, and local fluid mixing for target objects. The results demonstrate the importance of microrobot directionality in achieving complex individual control. This novel concept represents significant advancement over conventional magnetic field-based control technology and paves the way for further research in biofunctionalized microrobotics.

Keywords

drug-response test local fluid mixing magnetic texture microrobots

References

  1. Z. Chen, X. Song, X. Mu, J. Zhang, U. K. Cheang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 8840.
  2. X. Zhao, Y. Shi, T. Pan, D. Lu, J. Xiong, B. Li, H. Xin, Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 402.
  3. S. Yang, Z. Tian, Z. Wang, J. Rufo, P. Li, J. Mai, J. Xia, H. Bachman, P. H. Huang, M. Wu, C. Chen, L. P. Lee, T. J. Huang, Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 540.
  4. Y. Wu, S. Yakov, A. Fu, G. Yossifon, Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2204931.
  5. N. Gong Celi, D. Zhang, J. Cai, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 6320.
  6. T. Yao, Z. Kos, Q. X. Zhang, Y. Luo, E. B. Steager, M. Ravnik, K. J. Stebe, Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eabn8176.
  7. S. Zhang, B. Xu, M. Elsayed, F. Nan, W. Liang, J. K. Valley, L. Liu, Q. Huang, M. C. Wu, A. R. Wheeler, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2022, 51, 9203.
  8. S. Liu, L. Lin, H. B. Sun, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 5925.
  9. Y. Yang, R. Chen, X. Zhu, D. Ye, Y. Yang, W. Li, D. Li, H. Li, Q. Liao, Lab Chip 2022, 22, 2844.
  10. L. D. Yang, J. L. Jiang, X. J. Gao, Q. L. Wang, Q. Dou, L. Zhang, Nat. Mach. Intell. 2022, 4, 480.
  11. Y. Wang, T. Nitta, Y. Hiratsuka, K. Morishima, Sci. Rob. 2022, 7, eaba8212.
  12. Y. Chen, D. Chen, S. Liang, Y. Dai, X. Bai, B. Song, D. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Feng, Adv. Intell. Syst. 2021, 4, 2100116.
  13. S. J. Song, C. C. Mayorga-Martinez, J. Vyskocil, M. Castoralova, T. Ruml, M. Pumera, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 7023.
  14. P. Vachon, S. Merugu, J. Sharma, A. Lal, E. J. Ng, Y. Koh, J. E. Lee, C. Lee, Lab Chip 2023, 23, 1865.
  15. X. Chen, X. Chen, M. Elsayed, H. Edwards, J. Liu, Y. Peng, H. P. Zhang, S. Zhang, W. Wang, A. R. Wheeler, ACS Nano 2023, 17, 5894.
  16. J. Zhang, A. Laskar, J. Song, O. E. Shklyaev, F. Mou, J. Guan, A. C. Balazs, A. Sen, ACS Nano 2022, 17, 251.
  17. T. Yao, Ž. Kos, Q. X. Zhang, Y. Luo, F. Serra, E. B. Steager, M. Ravnik, K. J. Stebe, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2205546.
  18. X. Chen, Y. Xu, K. Lou, Y. Peng, C. Zhou, H. P. Zhang, W. Wang, ACS Nano 2022, 16, 12755.
  19. F. Block, F. Klingbeil, U. Sajjad, C. Arndt, S. Sindt, D. Seidler, L. Thormählen, C. Selhuber-Unkel, J. McCord, Adv. Mater. Technol. 2023, 8, 2300260.
  20. J. Xiong, Y. Shi, T. Pan, D. Lu, Z. He, D. Wang, X. Li, G. Zhu, B. Li, H. Xin, Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, e2301365.
  21. W. Li, C. Wu, Z. Xiong, C. Liang, Z. Li, B. Liu, Q. Cao, J. Wang, J. Tang, D. Li, Sci. Adv. 2022, 8, eade1731.
  22. L. Zhang, B. Liu, C. Wang, C. Xin, R. Li, D. Wang, L. Xu, S. Fan, J. Zhang, C. Zhang, Y. Hu, J. Li, D. Wu, L. Zhang, J. Chu, Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 5277.
  23. Y. He, L. Wang, K. Yang, X. Wang, W. Rong, L. Sun, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 46180.
  24. C. C. Mayorga-Martinez, M. Castoralova, J. Zelenka, T. Ruml, M. Pumera, Small 2022, 19, e2205047.
  25. S. R. Goudu, H. Kim, X. Hu, B. Lim, K. Kim, S. R. Torati, H. Ceylan, D. Sheehan, M. Sitti, C. Kim, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 3024.
  26. S. Zhang, E. Y. Scott, J. Singh, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, M. Elsayed, M. D. Chamberlain, N. Shakiba, K. Adams, S. Yu, C. M. Morshead, P. W. Zandstra, A. R. Wheeler, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2019, 116, 14823.
  27. L. Ren, N. Nama, J. M. McNeill, F. Soto, Z. Yan, W. Liu, W. Wang, J. Wang, T. E. Mallouk, Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaax3084.
  28. X. Hu, B. Lim, S. R. Torati, J. Ding, V. Novosad, M. Y. Im, V. Reddy, K. Kim, E. Jung, A. I. Shawl, E. Kim, C. Kim, Small 2018, 14, 1800504.
  29. U. Sajjad, F. Klingbeil, F. Block, R. B. Hollander, S. Bhatti, E. Lage, J. McCord, Lab Chip 2021, 21, 3174.
  30. S. Feng, C. Pan, H. Ye, W. Liu, W. Yang, Y. Lv, S. Tao, Small 2023, 19, e2207383.
  31. S. Zhang, X. Hu, M. Li, U. Bozuyuk, R. Zhang, E. Suadiye, J. Han, F. Wang, P. Onck, M. Sitti, Sci. Adv. 2023, 9, eadf9462.
  32. Y. Wang, X. Liu, C. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Li, H. Ye, B. Wang, H. Chen, J. Guo, X. Ma, ACS Nano 2022, 16, 180.
  33. X. Peng, M. Urso, M. Ussia, M. Pumera, ACS Nano 2022, 16, 7615.
  34. C. C. Mayorga-Martinez, M. Fojtů, J. Vyskočil, N. J. Cho, M. Pumera, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2207272.
  35. D. Liu, T. Zhang, Y. Guo, Y. Liao, Z. Wu, H. Jiang, Y. Lu, ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2022, 5, 5933.
  36. G. Gardi, S. Ceron, W. Wang, K. Petersen, M. Sitti, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2239.
  37. Y. Zhang, Z. Huang, Z. Cai, Y. Ye, Z. Li, F. Qin, J. Xiao, D. Zhang, Q. Guo, Y. Song, J. Yang, Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabi7498.
  38. S. Zhang, M. Elsayed, R. Peng, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, J. Peng, W. Li, M. D. Chamberlain, A. Nikitina, S. Yu, X. Liu, S. L. Neale, A. R. Wheeler, Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 5349.
  39. G. Wang, X. Y. Li, X. K. Tan, S. S. Ji, J. Y. Huang, H. L. Duan, P. Y. Lv, Adv. Intell. Syst. 2021, 3, 2000226.
  40. M. Kaynak, P. Dirix, M. S. Sakar, Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 2001120.
  41. X. Fan, X. Dong, A. C. Karacakol, H. Xie, M. Sitti, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020, 117, 27916.
  42. A. Aghakhani, O. Yasa, P. Wrede, M. Sitti, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020, 117, 3469.
  43. Z. Lin, X. Fan, M. Sun, C. Gao, Q. He, H. Xie, ACS Nano 2018, 12, 2539.
  44. K. Han, C. W. t. Shields, N. M. Diwakar, B. Bharti, G. P. Lopez, O. D. Velev, Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1701108.
  45. Z. Zhang, A. Sukhov, J. Harting, P. Malgaretti, D. Ahmed, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 7347.
  46. H. Xie, M. Sun, X. Fan, Z. Lin, W. Chen, L. Wang, L. Dong, Q. He, Sci. Rob. 2019, 4, eaav8006.
  47. C. J. Zimmermann, P. S. Herson, K. B. Neeves, D. W. M. Marr, Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 5078.
  48. H. Yue, X. Chang, J. Liu, D. Zhou, L. Li, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 8743.
  49. X. Tang, L. Manamanchaiyaporn, Q. Zhou, C. Huang, L. Li, Z. Li, L. Wang, J. Wang, L. Ren, T. Xu, X. Yan, Y. Zheng, Small 2022, 18, e2202848.
  50. H. Gu, E. Hanedan, Q. Boehler, T.-Y. Huang, A. J. T. M. Mathijssen, B. J. Nelson, Nat. Mach. Intell. 2022, 4, 678.
  51. L. Cai, Z. Luo, H. Chen, Y. Zhao, Small 2023, 19, 2206108.
  52. L. Wang, L. Chen, X. Zheng, Z. Yu, W. Lv, M. Sheng, L. Wang, P. Nie, H. Li, D. Guan, H. Cui, Small 2022, 18, 2203872.
  53. Y. Alapan, B. Yigit, O. Beker, A. F. Demirors, M. Sitti, Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 1244.
  54. W. M. Ng, H. X. Che, C. Guo, C. Liu, S. C. Low, D. J. Chieh Chan, R. Mohamud, J. Lim, Langmuir 2018, 34, 7971.
  55. A. Lof, P. U. Walker, S. M. Sedlak, S. Gruber, T. Obser, M. A. Brehm, M. Benoit, J. Lipfert, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2019, 116, 18798.
  56. Z. Cenev, H. B. Zhang, V. Sariola, A. Rahikkala, D. F. Liu, H. A. Santos, Q. Zhou, Adv. Mater. Technol. 2018, 3, 1700177.
  57. B. Lim, V. Reddy, X. Hu, K. Kim, J. M. adhav, R. Abedini-Nassab, Y. W. Noh, Y. T. Lim, B. B. Yellen, C. Kim, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3846.
  58. H. Kim, B. Lim, J. Yoon, K. Kim, S. R. Torati, C. Kim, Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2100532.
  59. H. Kim, J. Yoon, A. Ali, S. R. Torati, Y. Kang, K. Kim, B. Lim, C. Kim, J.Sci.: Adv. Mater. Devices 2022, 7, 100482.
  60. H. Kim, Y. Kang, B. Lim, K. Kim, J. Yoon, A. Ali, S. R. Torati, C. Kim, Mater. Horiz. 2022, 9, 2353.
  61. X. Hu, S. R. Torati, H. Kim, J. Yoon, B. Lim, K. Kim, M. Sitti, C. Kim, Small 2019, 15, e1901105.
  62. J. Yoon, Y. Kang, H. Kim, S. R. Torati, K. Kim, B. Lim, C. Kim, Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, e2103579.
  63. R. Abedini-Nassab, S. Ahmadiasl, Y. P. Dan, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2023, 570, 170481.
  64. B. Lim, V. Reddy, X. Hu, K. Kim, M. Jadhav, R. Abedini-Nassab, Y.-W. Noh, Y. T. Lim, B. B. Yellen, C. Kim, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3856.
  65. G. Junot, C. Calero, J. Garcia-Torres, I. Pagonabarraga, P. Tierno, Nano Lett. 2023, 23, 850.
  66. S. Yu, T. Li, F. Ji, S. Zhao, K. Liu, Z. Zhang, W. Zhang, Y. Mei, Mater. Today Adv. 2022, 14, 100231.
  67. F. Soto, J. Wang, S. Deshmukh, U. Demirci, Adv. Intell. Syst. 2021, 3, 2000193.
  68. B. Yigit, Y. Alapan, M. Sitti, Soft Matter 2020, 16, 1996.
  69. M. Wang, T. Wu, R. Liu, Z. Zhang, J. Liu, Engineering 2023, 10, 1016.
  70. R. Abedini-Nassab, X. Ding, H. Xie, Lab Chip 2022, 22, 738.
  71. R. Abedini-Nassab, S. Bahrami, Lab Chip 2021, 21, 1998.
  72. X. Hu, R. Abedini-Nassab, B. Lim, Y. Yang, M. Howdyshell, R. Sooryakumar, B. B. Yellen, C. Kim, J. Appl. Phys. 2015, 118, 203904.
  73. B. Lim, P. Vavassori, R. Sooryakumar, C. Kim, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2017, 50, 033002.
  74. B. Lim, S. R. Torati, K. W. Kim, X. Hu, V. Reddy, C. Kim, NPG Asia Mater. 2017, 9, e369.
  75. X. Hu, S. R. Goudu, S. R. Torati, B. Lim, K. Kim, C. Kim, Lab Chip 2016, 16, 3485.
  76. T. Sawetzki, S. Rahmouni, C. Bechinger, D. W. Marr, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008, 105, 20141.
  77. A. Li, H. Li, Z. Li, Z. Zhao, K. Li, M. Li, Y. Song, Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaay5808.
  78. E. S. Shanko, L. Ceelen, Y. Wang, Y. van de Burgt, J. den Toonder, ACS Sens. 2021, 6, 2553.
  79. M. Ballard, D. Owen, Z. G. Mills, P. J. Hesketh, A. Alexeev, Microfluid Nanofluidics 2016, 20, 88.
  80. X. Yu, B. Zhang, T. Wang, J. Zhang, S. Mu, C. Liu, N. Zhang, RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 104049.
  81. J. Michl, K. C. Park, P. Swietach, Commun. Biol. 2019, 2, 144.
  82. X. Hu, S. R. Torati, J. Yoon, B. Lim, K. Kim, C. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 16177.
  83. M. A. Harris, H. Kuang, Z. Schneiderman, M. L. Shiao, A. T. Crane, M. R. Chrostek, A. F. Tabaran, T. Pengo, K. Liaw, B. Xu, L. Lin, C. C. Chen, M. G. O'Sullivan, R. M. Kannan, W. C. Low, E. Kokkoli, Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabl5872.

Grants

  1. 2018R1A5A1025511/National Research Foundation of Korea
Journal Article

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0magneticmicrorobotstextureauthorscontrolmannerfield-basedmoveachievingmicrorobotasymmetricalongdirectioncomplexconceptdrug-responsetestlocalfluidmixingFunctionalizeddirectionallymanipulatedcontrolledprecisespecifictasksfacechallengesHowevercontrolsconstraincoordinatedlimitingfunctionsindependentbehaviorsarticlepresentsdesignprincipleunidirectionaltransportusingshapelateralladdercall"railwaytrack"energydistributionaxisallowscontinuousmovementfixedregardlessfieldrotationdemonstrated precisesimpleutilizationmethodSpecificallyplacingtexturesdifferentdirectionalitiesintegratedcell/particlecollector cancollectdistributedlargeareatrajectorypredeterminedlocation ThecanleverageversatilecapabilitiesofferedincludinghierarchicalisolationswitchablecollectionprogrammablepairingselectivetargetobjectsresultsdemonstrateimportancedirectionalityindividualnovelrepresentssignificantadvancementconventionaltechnologypaveswayresearchbiofunctionalizedmicroroboticsMagneticLateralLadderUnidirectionalTransportMicrorobots:DesignPrinciplesPotentialApplicationsCells-on-Chip

Similar Articles

Cited By