Jay R McDonald, Matthew Wagoner, Faraz Shaikh, Erica Sercy, Laveta Stewart, Emma R Knapp, John L Kiley, Wesley R Campbell, David R Tribble
INTRODUCTION: The long-term impact of deployment-related trauma on mental and physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among military personnel is not well understood. We describe the mental and physical HRQoL among military personnel following deployment-related polytrauma after their discharge from the hospital and examine factors associated with HRQoL and longitudinal trends.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The U.S. military personnel with battlefield-related trauma enrolled in the Trauma Infectious Diseases Outcomes Study were surveyed using SF-8 Health Surveys at 1 month post-discharge (baseline) and at follow-up intervals over 2 years. Inclusion in the longitudinal analysis required baseline SF-8 plus responses during early (3 and/or 6 months) and later follow-up periods (12, 18, and/or 24 months). Associations of demographics, injury characteristics, and hospitalization with baseline SF-8 scores and longitudinal changes in SF-8 scores during follow-up were examined. Survey responses were used to calculate the Mental Component Summary score (MCS) and the Physical Component Summary score (PCS). The MCS focuses on vitality, mental health, social functioning, and daily activity limitations, whereas PCS is related to general health, bodily pain, physical functioning, and physical activity limitations. Longitudinal trends in SF-8 scores were assessed using chi-square tests by comparing the median score at each timepoint to the median 1-month (baseline) score, as well as comparing follow-up scores to the immediately prior timepoint (e.g., 6 months vs. 3 months). Associations with the 1-month baseline SF-8 scores were assessed using generalized linear regression modeling and associations with longitudinal changes in SF-8 were examined using generalized linear regression modeling with repeated measures.
RESULTS: Among 781 enrollees, lower baseline SF-8 total scores and PCS were associated with spinal and lower extremity injuries (P < .001) in the multivariate analyses, whereas lower baseline MCS was associated with head/face/neck injuries (P < .001). Higher baseline SF-8 total was associated with having an amputation (P = .009), and lower baseline SF-8 total was also associated with sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI; P = .042). Among 524 enrollees with longitudinal follow-up, SF-8 scores increased, driven by increased PCS and offset by small MCS decreases. Upward SF-8 total score and PCS trends were associated with time post-hospital discharge and limb amputation (any) in the multivariate analyses (P < .05), whereas downward trends were independently associated with spinal injury and developing any post-discharge infection (P ≤ .001). Patients with lower extremity injuries had lower-magnitude improvements in PCS over time compared to those without lower extremity injuries (P < .001). Upward MCS trend was associated with higher injury severity (P = .003) in the multivariate analyses, whereas downward trends were independently associated with having a TBI (P < .001), time post-hospital discharge (P < .001), and occurrence of post-discharge infections (P = .002).
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, HRQoL increased during the 2-year follow-up period, driven by PCS improvement. Increasing HRQoL was associated with time since hospital discharge and limb amputation, whereas a downward trend in HRQoL was associated with spinal injury and post-discharge infection. The longitudinal decline in MCS, driven by TBI occurrence, time since hospital discharge, and developing post-discharge infections, emphasizes the importance of longitudinal mental health care in this population.
