Knowns and unknowns of TiLV-associated neuronal disease.
Japhette E Kembou-Ringert, Fortune N Hotio, Dieter Steinhagen, Kim D Thompson, Win Surachetpong, Krzysztof Rakus, Janet M Daly, Niluka Goonawardane, Mikolaj Adamek
Author Information
Japhette E Kembou-Ringert: Department of infection, immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. ORCID
Fortune N Hotio: Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
Dieter Steinhagen: Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. ORCID
Kim D Thompson: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK. ORCID
Win Surachetpong: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. ORCID
Krzysztof Rakus: Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. ORCID
Janet M Daly: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK. ORCID
Niluka Goonawardane: School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. ORCID
Mikolaj Adamek: Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. ORCID
Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is associated with pathological changes in the brain of infected fish, but the mechanisms driving the virus's neuropathogenesis remain poorly characterized. TiLV establishes a persistent infection in the brain of infected fish even when the virus is no longer detectable in the peripheral organs, rendering therapeutic interventions and disease management challenging. Moreover, the persistence of the virus in the brain may pose a risk for viral reinfection and spread and contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore TiLV-associated neurological disease. We discuss the possible mechanism(s) used by TiLV to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and examine TiLV-induced neuroinflammation and brain immune responses. Lastly, we discuss future research questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed to significantly advance this field.
