Computational and experimental identification of keystone interactions in Ebola virus matrix protein VP40 dimer formation.
Yogesh Narkhede, Roopashi Saxena, Tej Sharma, Jacob P Conarty, Valentina Toro Ramirez, Balindile B Motsa, Souad Amiar, Sheng Li, Prem P Chapagain, Olaf Wiest, Robert V Stahelin
Author Information
Yogesh Narkhede: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
Roopashi Saxena: Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and The Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Tej Sharma: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.
Jacob P Conarty: Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and The Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Valentina Toro Ramirez: Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and The Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Balindile B Motsa: Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and The Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Souad Amiar: Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and The Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
Sheng Li: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
Prem P Chapagain: Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA. ORCID
Olaf Wiest: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
Robert V Stahelin: Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and The Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. ORCID
The Ebola virus (EBOV) is a lipid-enveloped virus with a negative sense RNA genome that can cause severe and often fatal viral hemorrhagic fever. The assembly and budding of EBOV is regulated by the matrix protein, VP40, which is a peripheral protein that associates with anionic lipids at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. VP40 is sufficient to form virus-like particles (VLPs) from cells, which are nearly indistinguishable from authentic virions. Due to the restrictions of studying EBOV in BSL-4 facilities, VP40 has served as a surrogate in cellular studies to examine the EBOV assembly and budding process from the host cell plasma membrane. VP40 is a dimer where inhibition of dimer formation halts budding and formation of new VLPs as well as VP40 localization to the plasma membrane inner leaflet. To better understand VP40 dimer stability and critical amino acids to VP40 dimer formation, we integrated computational approaches with experimental validation. Site saturation/alanine scanning calculation, combined with molecular mechanics-based generalized Born with Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-GB/PBSA) method and molecular dynamics simulations were used to predict the energetic contribution of amino acids to VP40 dimer stability and the hydrogen bonding network across the dimer interface. These studies revealed several previously unknown interactions and critical residues predicted to impact VP40 dimer formation. In vitro and cellular studies were then pursued for a subset of VP40 mutations demonstrating reduction in dimer formation (in vitro) or plasma membrane localization (in cells). Together, the computational and experimental approaches revealed critical residues for VP40 dimer stability in an alpha-helical interface (between residues 106-117) as well as in a loop region (between residues 52-61) below this alpha-helical region. This study sheds light on the structural origins of VP40 dimer formation and may inform the design of a small molecule that can disrupt VP40 dimer stability.
