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Obstetrics and gynecology
Jul 01, 2024;144 (1): 126-134.

Pregnancy Outcomes of Nifedipine Compared With Labetalol for Oral Treatment of Mild Chronic Hypertension.

Ayodeji A Sanusi, Justin Leach, Kim Boggess, Lorraine Dugoff, Baha Sibai, Kirsten Lawrence, Brenna L Hughes, Joseph Bell, Kjersti Aagaard, Rodney K Edwards, Kelly S Gibson, David M Haas, Lauren Plante, Torri D Metz, Brian Casey, Sean Esplin, Sherri Longo, Matthew K Hoffman, George R Saade, Kara K Hoppe, Janelle Foroutan, Methodius Tuuli, Michelle Y Owens, Hyagriv N Simhan, Heather Frey, Todd Rosen, Anna Palatnik, Susan Baker, Phyllis August, Uma M Reddy, Emily J Su, Iris Krishna, Nguyet A Nguyen, Mary E Norton, Daniel Skupski, Yasser Y El-Sayed, Dotun Ogunyemi, Zorina S Galis, Lorie Harper, Namasivayam Ambalavanan, Nancy L Geller, Hui-Chien Kuo, Rachel G Sinkey, Ronald Librizzi, Leonardo Pereira, Everett F Magann, Mounira Habli, Shauna Williams, Giancarlo Mari, Gabriella Pridjian, David S McKenna, Marc Parrish, Sarah Osmundson, JoAnne Quinones, Jeff M Szychowski, Alan T N Tita
Author Information
  1. Ayodeji A Sanusi: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  2. Justin Leach: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  3. Kim Boggess: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  4. Lorraine Dugoff: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  5. Baha Sibai: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  6. Kirsten Lawrence: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  7. Brenna L Hughes: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  8. Joseph Bell: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  9. Kjersti Aagaard: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  10. Rodney K Edwards: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  11. Kelly S Gibson: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  12. David M Haas: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  13. Lauren Plante: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  14. Torri D Metz: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  15. Brian Casey: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  16. Sean Esplin: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  17. Sherri Longo: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  18. Matthew K Hoffman: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  19. George R Saade: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  20. Kara K Hoppe: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  21. Janelle Foroutan: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  22. Methodius Tuuli: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  23. Michelle Y Owens: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  24. Hyagriv N Simhan: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  25. Heather Frey: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  26. Todd Rosen: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  27. Anna Palatnik: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  28. Susan Baker: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  29. Phyllis August: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  30. Uma M Reddy: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  31. Emily J Su: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  32. Iris Krishna: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  33. Nguyet A Nguyen: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  34. Mary E Norton: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  35. Daniel Skupski: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  36. Yasser Y El-Sayed: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  37. Dotun Ogunyemi: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  38. Zorina S Galis: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  39. Lorie Harper: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  40. Namasivayam Ambalavanan: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  41. Nancy L Geller: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  42. Hui-Chien Kuo: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  43. Rachel G Sinkey: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  44. Ronald Librizzi: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  45. Leonardo Pereira: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  46. Everett F Magann: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  47. Mounira Habli: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  48. Shauna Williams: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  49. Giancarlo Mari: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  50. Gabriella Pridjian: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  51. David S McKenna: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  52. Marc Parrish: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  53. Eugene Chang: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  54. Sarah Osmundson: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  55. JoAnne Quinones: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  56. Jeff M Szychowski: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
  57. Alan T N Tita: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
PMID: 38949541 DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005613

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes by type of antihypertensive used in participants of the CHAP (Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy) trial.
METHODS: We conducted a planned secondary analysis of CHAP, an open-label, multicenter, randomized trial of antihypertensive treatment compared with standard care (no treatment unless severe hypertension developed) in pregnant patients with mild chronic hypertension (blood pressure 140-159/90-104 mm Hg before 20 weeks of gestation) and singleton pregnancies. We performed three comparisons based on medications prescribed at enrollment: labetalol compared with standard care, nifedipine compared with standard care, and labetalol compared with nifedipine. Although active compared with standard care groups were randomized, medication assignment within the active treatment group was not random but based on clinician or patient preference. The primary outcome was the occurrence of superimposed preeclampsia with severe features, preterm birth before 35 weeks of gestation, placental abruption, or fetal or neonatal death. The key secondary outcome was small for gestational age (SGA) neonates. We also compared medication adverse effects between groups. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated with log binomial regression to adjust for confounding.
RESULTS: Of 2,292 participants analyzed, 720 (31.4%) received labetalol, 417 (18.2%) received nifedipine, and 1,155 (50.4%) received no treatment. The mean gestational age at enrollment was 10.5±3.7 weeks; nearly half of participants (47.5%) identified as non-Hispanic Black; and 44.5% used aspirin. The primary outcome occurred in 217 (30.1%), 130 (31.2%), and 427 (37.0%) in the labetalol, nifedipine, and standard care groups, respectively. Risk of the primary outcome was lower among those receiving treatment (labetalol use vs standard adjusted RR 0.82, 95% CI, 0.72-0.94; nifedipine use vs standard adjusted RR 0.84, 95% CI, 0.71-0.99), but there was no significant difference in risk when labetalol was compared with nifedipine (adjusted RR 0.98, 95% CI, 0.82-1.18). There were no significant differences in SGA or serious adverse events between participants receiving labetalol and those receiving nifedipine.
CONCLUSION: No significant differences in predetermined maternal or neonatal outcomes were detected on the basis of the use of labetalol or nifedipine for treatment of chronic hypertension in pregnancy.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02299414.

Associated Data

ClinicalTrials.gov | NCT02299414

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Grants

  1. U01 HL120338/NHLBI NIH HHS
  2. UL1 TR001863/NCATS NIH HHS

MeSH Term

Humans
Pregnancy
Female
Labetalol
Nifedipine
Antihypertensive Agents
Adult
Pregnancy Outcome
Hypertension
Infant, Newborn
Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
Administration, Oral
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
Pre-Eclampsia
Chronic Disease

Chemicals

Labetalol
Nifedipine
Antihypertensive Agents
Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study Comparative Study
Article has an altmetric score of 8

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0labetalolnifedipinecomparedstandardtreatment0careparticipantsoutcome95%neonatalhypertensionweeksgroupsprimaryreceivedreceivinguseadjustedRRCIsignificantmaternaloutcomesantihypertensiveusedCHAPChronicHypertensionPregnancytrialsecondaryrandomizedseverechronicgestationbasedactivemedicationgestationalageSGAadverse314%182%5%vsdifferencesOBJECTIVE:evaluatetypeMETHODS:conductedplannedanalysisopen-labelmulticenterunlessdevelopedpregnantpatientsmildbloodpressure140-159/90-104mmHg20singletonpregnanciesperformedthreecomparisonsmedicationsprescribedenrollment:Althoughassignmentwithingrouprandomclinicianpatientpreferenceoccurrencesuperimposedpreeclampsiafeaturespretermbirth35placentalabruptionfetaldeathkeysmallneonatesalsoeffectsRelativerisksRRsCIsestimatedlogbinomialregressionadjustconfoundingRESULTS:2292analyzed720417115550meanenrollment105±37nearlyhalf47identifiednon-HispanicBlack44aspirinoccurred217301%130427370%respectivelyRiskloweramong8272-0948471-099differencerisk9882-1seriouseventsCONCLUSION:predetermineddetectedbasispregnancyCLINICALTRIALREGISTRATION:ClinicalTrialsgovNCT02299414OutcomesNifedipineComparedLabetalolOralTreatmentMild

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