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Archives of virology
Jul 06, 2024;169 (8): 157.

Human cytomegalovirus microRNAs: strategies for immune evasion and viral latency.

Mohammad Sabbaghian, Hamidreza Gheitasi, Manouchehr Fadaee, Helia Javadi Henafard, Ahmad Tavakoli, Ali Akbar Shekarchi, Vahdat Poortahmasebi
Author Information
  1. Mohammad Sabbaghian: Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
  2. Hamidreza Gheitasi: Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
  3. Manouchehr Fadaee: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
  4. Helia Javadi Henafard: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
  5. Ahmad Tavakoli: Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
  6. Ali Akbar Shekarchi: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
  7. Vahdat Poortahmasebi: Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. poortahmasebiv@tbzmed.ac.ir. ORCID
PMID: 38969819 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06080-w

Abstract

Viruses use various strategies and mechanisms to deal with cells and proteins of the immune system that form a barrier against infection. One of these mechanisms is the encoding and production of viral microRNAs (miRNAs), whose function is to regulate the gene expression of the host cell and the virus, thus creating a suitable environment for survival and spreading viral infection. miRNAs are short, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that can regulate the expression of host and viral proteins, and due to their non-immunogenic nature, they are not eliminated by the cells of the immune system. More than half of the viral miRNAs are encoded and produced by Orthoherpesviridae family members. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) produces miRNAs that mediate various processes in infected cells to contribute to HCMV pathogenicity, including immune escape, viral latency, and cell apoptosis. Here, we discuss which cellular and viral proteins or cellular pathways and processes these mysterious molecules target to evade immunity and support viral latency in infected cells. We also discuss current evidence that their function of bypassing the host's innate and adaptive immune system is essential for the survival and multiplication of the virus and the spread of HCMV infection.

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MeSH Term

Cytomegalovirus
Virus Latency
MicroRNAs
Humans
Immune Evasion
Cytomegalovirus Infections
RNA, Viral
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral

Chemicals

MicroRNAs
RNA, Viral
Journal Article Review

Word Cloud

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