Smart Operating Room in Digestive Surgery: A Narrative Review.
Vito Laterza, Francesco Marchegiani, Filippo Aisoni, Michele Ammendola, Carlo Alberto Schena, Luca Lavazza, Cinzia Ravaioli, Maria Clotilde Carra, Vittore Costa, Alberto De Franceschi, Belinda De Simone, Nicola de'Angelis
Author Information
Vito Laterza: Department of Digestive Surgical Oncology and Liver Transplantation, University Hospital of Besan��on, 3 Boulevard Alexandre Fleming, 25000 Besancon, France.
Francesco Marchegiani: Unit of Colorectal and Digestive Surgery, DIGEST Department, Beaujon University Hospital, AP-HP, University of Paris Cit��, Clichy, 92110 Paris, France.
Filippo Aisoni: Unit of Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy.
Michele Ammendola: Digestive Surgery Unit, Health of Science Department, University Hospital "R.Dulbecco", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy. ORCID
Carlo Alberto Schena: Unit of Robotic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy. ORCID
Luca Lavazza: Hospital Network Coordinator of Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria and Azienda USL di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Cinzia Ravaioli: Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Maria Clotilde Carra: Rothschild Hospital (AP-HP), 75012 Paris, France.
Vittore Costa: Unit of Orthopedics, Humanitas Hospital, 24125 Bergamo, Italy.
Alberto De Franceschi: Department of Law, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Belinda De Simone: Department of Emergency Surgery, Academic Hospital of Villeneuve St Georges, 91560 Villeneuve St. Georges, France.
Nicola de'Angelis: Unit of Robotic and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy. ORCID
The introduction of new technologies in current digestive surgical practice is progressively reshaping the operating room, defining the fourth surgical revolution. The implementation of black boxes and control towers aims at streamlining workflow and reducing surgical error by early identification and analysis, while augmented reality and artificial intelligence augment surgeons' perceptual and technical skills by superimposing three-dimensional models to real-time surgical images. Moreover, the operating room architecture is transitioning toward an integrated digital environment to improve efficiency and, ultimately, patients' outcomes. This narrative review describes the most recent evidence regarding the role of these technologies in transforming the current digestive surgical practice, underlining their potential benefits and drawbacks in terms of efficiency and patients' outcomes, as an attempt to foresee the digestive surgical practice of tomorrow.
