A realist evaluation of the implementation of a national tobacco control programme and policy in India.
Pragati B Hebbar, Vivek Dsouza, Gera E Nagelhout, Sara van Belle, Nuggehalli Srinivas Prashanth, Onno C P van Schayck, Giridhara R Babu, Upendra Bhojani
Author Information
Pragati B Hebbar: Chronic Conditions and Public Policies Cluster, Institute of Public Health, 3009, II-A Main, 17th Cross, KR Road, Siddanana Layout, Banashankari Stage II, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560070, India. ORCID
Vivek Dsouza: Chronic Conditions and Public Policies Cluster, Institute of Public Health, 3009, II-A Main, 17th Cross, KR Road, Siddanana Layout, Banashankari Stage II, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560070, India. ORCID
Gera E Nagelhout: Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, 6229 HA, Maastricht P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
Sara van Belle: Health Policy, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp 2000, Belgium.
Nuggehalli Srinivas Prashanth: Health Equity Cluster, Institute of Public Health, 3009, II-A Main, 17th Cross, KR Rd, Siddanna Layout, Banashankari Stage II, Banashankari, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560070, India. ORCID
Onno C P van Schayck: Department of Family Medicine, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, 6229 HA, Maastricht P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
Giridhara R Babu: Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box: 2713 - Doha, Qatar.
Upendra Bhojani: Chronic Conditions and Public Policies Cluster, Institute of Public Health, 3009, II-A Main, 17th Cross, KR Road, Siddanana Layout, Banashankari Stage II, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560070, India. ORCID
There is a growing interest in studying and unpacking the implementation of policies and programmes as it provides an opportunity to reduce the policy translation time lag taken for research findings to translate into policies and be implemented and to understand why policies may fail. Realist evaluation is a theory-driven approach that embraces complexity and helps to identify the mechanisms generating the observed policy outcomes in a given context. We aimed to study facilitators and barriers while implementing the Cigarettes and Other tobacco Products Act 2003 (COTPA), a comprehensive national tobacco control policy, and the National tobacco Control Programme 2008 (NTCP), using realist evaluation. We developed an initial programme theory (IPT) based on a realist literature review of tobacco control policies in low- and middle-income countries. Three diverse states-Kerala, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh-with varying degrees of implementation of tobacco control laws and programmes were chosen as case studies. Within the three selected states, we conducted in-depth interviews with 48 state and district-level stakeholders and undertook non-participant observations to refine the IPT. Following this, we organized two regional consultations covering stakeholders from 20 Indian states for a second iteration to further refine the programme theory. A total of 300 intervention-context-actor-mechanism-outcome configurations were developed from the interview data, which were later synthesized into state-specific narrative programme theories for Kerala, West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. We identified five mechanisms: collective action, felt accountability, individual motivation, fear and prioritization that were (or were not) triggered leading to diverse implementation outcomes. We identified facilitators and barriers to implementing the COTPA and the NTCP, which have important research and practical implications for furthering the implementation of these policies as well as implementation research in India. In the future, researchers could build on the refined programme theory proposed in this study to develop a middle-range theory to explain tobacco control policy implementation in India and other low- and middle-income countries.
