OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Pharmaceutics
Aug 28, 2024;16 (9):

Drug-Drug Interactions in Nosocomial Infections: An Updated Review for Clinicians.

Sorina H��ncu, Miruna-Maria Apetroaei, Gabriela ��tefan, Anca Ionela F��c��, Andreea Leti��ia Arsene, Beatrice Mahler, Doina Dr��g��nescu, Adriana-Elena T��erel, Emilia Stancu, Lucian H��ncu, Andreea Zamfirescu, Denisa Ioana Udeanu
Author Information
  1. Sorina H��ncu: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
  2. Miruna-Maria Apetroaei: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
  3. Gabriela ��tefan: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
  4. Anca Ionela F��c��: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
  5. Andreea Leti��ia Arsene: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania. ORCID
  6. Beatrice Mahler: Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90, Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania. ORCID
  7. Doina Dr��g��nescu: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
  8. Adriana-Elena T��erel: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
  9. Emilia Stancu: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
  10. Lucian H��ncu: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
  11. Andreea Zamfirescu: Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, Street, 050474 Bucharest, Romania. ORCID
  12. Denisa Ioana Udeanu: Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania. ORCID
PMID: 39339174 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091137

Abstract

Prevention, assessment, and identification of Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) represent a challenge for healthcare professionals, especially in nosocomial settings. This narrative review aims to provide a thorough assessment of the most clinically significant DDIs for antibiotics used in healthcare-associated infections. Complex poly-pharmaceutical regimens, targeting multiple pathogens or targeting one pathogen in the presence of another comorbidity, have an increased predisposition to result in life-threatening DDIs. Recognising, assessing, and limiting DDIs in nosocomial infections offers promising opportunities for improving health outcomes. The objective of this review is to provide clinicians with practical advice to prevent or mitigate DDIs, with the aim of increasing the safety and effectiveness of therapy. DDI management is of significant importance for individualising therapy according to the patient, disease status, and associated comorbidities.

Keywords

antibiotic pharmacodynamics antibiotic pharmacokinetics antibiotic therapy drug���drug interaction management drug���drug interactions nosocomial infections personalised therapy pharmacotherapeutic considerations therapeutic drug monitoring

References

  1. Br J Anaesth. 1990 Dec;65(6):826-8 [PMID: 2265054]
  2. Actas Urol Esp (Engl Ed). 2023 Sep;47(7):408-415 [PMID: 36754205]
  3. Ann Hepatol. 2018 Oct 16;17(6):1001-1011 [PMID: 30600298]
  4. Clin Case Rep. 2022 Nov 05;10(11):e6341 [PMID: 36381053]
  5. Drugs. 1987;34 Suppl 2:89-104 [PMID: 3319507]
  6. Biomolecules. 2024 Jan 12;14(1): [PMID: 38254699]
  7. Am Fam Physician. 2019 May 1;99(9):558-564 [PMID: 31038898]
  8. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Sep;102(3):459-469 [PMID: 28474732]
  9. Cureus. 2019 Jun 2;11(6):e4800 [PMID: 31396468]
  10. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2010 Sep;63(5):382-4 [PMID: 22479006]
  11. J Pediatr. 2016 Jun;173:232-4 [PMID: 27059913]
  12. Am J Ther. 2017 Jul/Aug;24(4):e481-e484 [PMID: 28692440]
  13. Drug Saf. 2023 Aug;46(8):715-724 [PMID: 37310614]
  14. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 21;22(3):1260-78 [PMID: 26811663]
  15. Open Med (Wars). 2018 Oct 22;13:512-519 [PMID: 30426090]
  16. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019 Jul 31;8(3): [PMID: 31370320]
  17. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Feb 03;7(2):ofaa040 [PMID: 32104719]
  18. Chem Rev. 2021 Jul 14;121(13):7957-8094 [PMID: 34129337]
  19. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024 Apr 02;79(4):722-757 [PMID: 38334389]
  20. Am J Transplant. 2013 Mar;13 Suppl 4:318-26 [PMID: 23465024]
  21. J Clin Med. 2019 Oct 21;8(10): [PMID: 31640208]
  22. J Pers Med. 2024 Jan 18;14(1): [PMID: 38248807]
  23. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021 Dec 08;10(12): [PMID: 34943720]
  24. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2022 May;15(5):e007955 [PMID: 35491871]
  25. Pharmacotherapy. 2010 Dec;30(12):1279-91 [PMID: 21114395]
  26. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023 Dec 19;9:e43743 [PMID: 38113098]
  27. Toxins (Basel). 2021 May 12;13(5): [PMID: 34065929]
  28. P T. 2019 Dec;44(12):749-753 [PMID: 33935476]
  29. Clin Ther. 2018 Aug;40(8):1282-1298 [PMID: 30104016]
  30. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Sep 09;9:972518 [PMID: 36160154]
  31. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Apr 14;11(4): [PMID: 35453274]
  32. Crit Care Med. 2009 Mar;37(3):840-51; quiz 859 [PMID: 19237886]
  33. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009;12(3):266-72 [PMID: 20067703]
  34. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012 Oct;13(8):760.e7-12 [PMID: 22885408]
  35. Nutrients. 2024 Apr 19;16(8): [PMID: 38674903]
  36. Microorganisms. 2024 Apr 11;12(4): [PMID: 38674716]
  37. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Aug 04;16(8): [PMID: 37631020]
  38. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2023 Feb;113(2):423-434 [PMID: 36448824]
  39. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2024 Aug;37(4):299-322 [PMID: 38840420]
  40. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 12;23(4): [PMID: 35216167]
  41. Turk J Med Sci. 2020 Sep 15;51(2):523-529 [PMID: 32927931]
  42. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013 Feb;64(2):143-51 [PMID: 23459675]
  43. Clin Drug Investig. 2023 Jul;43(7):475-502 [PMID: 37460783]
  44. Toxins (Basel). 2010 Aug;2(8):2055-82 [PMID: 22069672]
  45. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006;8(3):311-21 [PMID: 17117613]
  46. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 May 29;13(6): [PMID: 38927170]
  47. Cureus. 2020 Dec 23;12(12):e12234 [PMID: 33500857]
  48. Transl Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Mar;28(1):7-16 [PMID: 32274377]
  49. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2023 Oct;62(4):106942 [PMID: 37541531]
  50. J Clin Med. 2023 Jul 30;12(15): [PMID: 37568422]
  51. Front Microbiol. 2013 Feb 13;4:20 [PMID: 23422936]
  52. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018 May;57(5):559-575 [PMID: 29063519]
  53. Rev Med Interne. 2010 Feb;31(2):170-9 [PMID: 19740579]
  54. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Jun 13;8:364 [PMID: 28659799]
  55. J Med Microbiol. 2021 Dec;70(12): [PMID: 34889726]
  56. Microb Drug Resist. 2021 Mar;27(3):281-290 [PMID: 33729874]
  57. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019 Mar 14;8(1): [PMID: 30875778]
  58. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2022 Jan 1;30(1):1-18 [PMID: 34475272]
  59. Pharmacogenomics. 2012 May;13(7):735-8 [PMID: 22594502]
  60. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2020 Jan 15;142:105153 [PMID: 31740393]
  61. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1989 Apr;16(4):193-214 [PMID: 2656049]
  62. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Jun;105(6):1395-1406 [PMID: 30912119]
  63. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jul 5;14(7):1080-1090 [PMID: 30862698]
  64. Drug Saf. 2020 Apr;43(4):363-369 [PMID: 31863282]
  65. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021 Jun;57(6):106328 [PMID: 33785362]
  66. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(3):403-7 [PMID: 19116700]
  67. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Sep 25;16(10): [PMID: 37895824]
  68. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2015 Oct;27:1-9 [PMID: 26042389]
  69. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Dec 16;11(12): [PMID: 36551487]
  70. BMC Res Notes. 2017 Jul 28;10(1):349 [PMID: 28754148]
  71. Seizure. 2020 Oct;81:167-174 [PMID: 32827980]
  72. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jul;10(3):174-82 [PMID: 23118636]
  73. PLoS One. 2022 Apr 4;17(4):e0266471 [PMID: 35377912]
  74. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 Oct 15;8(10):19436-41 [PMID: 26770588]
  75. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019 Jul;58(7):875-886 [PMID: 30406474]
  76. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016 May;17(5):e218-28 [PMID: 26959349]
  77. BMC Cancer. 2023 Feb 13;23(1):151 [PMID: 36782147]
  78. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Oct;56(4):106124 [PMID: 32739478]
  79. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020 Dec 02;13(12): [PMID: 33276675]
  80. Med Sci Monit. 2018 Jun 20;24:4240-4247 [PMID: 29924770]
  81. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2023 Jun;50:100493 [PMID: 36889045]
  82. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Aug;58(2):256-65 [PMID: 16816396]
  83. Int J Clin Pharm. 2013 Oct;35(5):673-6 [PMID: 23868369]
  84. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2021 Jan;25(1):67-76 [PMID: 33603305]
  85. Health Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 23;6(6):e1375 [PMID: 37359413]
  86. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Jun 06;10(7):ofad305 [PMID: 37416756]
  87. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:741018 [PMID: 24895606]
  88. Pharmacy (Basel). 2023 Jun 06;11(3): [PMID: 37368421]
  89. Rev Med Chil. 2010 Apr;138(4):452-60 [PMID: 20668793]
  90. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016 Apr 01;6(4):a025387 [PMID: 26989065]
  91. Therapie. 2020 Sep - Oct;75(5):407-416 [PMID: 31732240]
  92. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2012 Nov;295(11):1837-50 [PMID: 23045231]
  93. Geriatrics (Basel). 2022 Jan 04;7(1): [PMID: 35076516]
  94. Molecules. 2023 Dec 11;28(24): [PMID: 38138529]
  95. Drug Saf. 2017 Sep;40(9):835-840 [PMID: 28421551]
  96. J Intensive Care Soc. 2015 May;16(2):147-153 [PMID: 28979397]
  97. F1000Res. 2019 Jan 30;8: [PMID: 30755795]
  98. PLoS One. 2023 Jan 6;18(1):e0279928 [PMID: 36607965]
  99. Drug Saf. 2024 Jun;47(6):557-569 [PMID: 38478349]
  100. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016 Jun 01;6(6): [PMID: 27252397]
  101. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2021 Aug 26;12:20420986211041277 [PMID: 34471515]
  102. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Apr;66 Suppl 2:ii25-31 [PMID: 21398304]
  103. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 May 06;12(5): [PMID: 37237763]
  104. Pharmacy (Basel). 2023 Nov 20;11(6): [PMID: 37987392]
  105. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 Jan 9;2017: [PMID: 28069789]
  106. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2019 Nov;9(6):1113-1144 [PMID: 31867160]
  107. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Dec 07;11(12): [PMID: 36551426]
  108. Front Microbiol. 2015 Sep 17;6:948 [PMID: 26441882]
  109. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2023 Dec;32(12):1319-1330 [PMID: 37705139]
  110. Pharmaceutics. 2023 May 05;15(5): [PMID: 37242653]
  111. Clin Ther. 2013 Jun;35(6):751-7 [PMID: 23747075]
  112. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Oct;102(4):585-587 [PMID: 28722123]
  113. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2022 Oct;35 Suppl 3:25-29 [PMID: 36285853]
  114. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Jul 20;14:1200828 [PMID: 37547336]
  115. J Res Med Sci. 2013 Jul;18(7):601-10 [PMID: 24516494]
  116. Thyroid. 2013 Nov;23(11):1374-8 [PMID: 23647409]
  117. Biomedicines. 2024 Apr 20;12(4): [PMID: 38672269]
  118. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2017 Apr;27(4):164-167 [PMID: 28146011]
  119. World J Emerg Surg. 2023 Oct 16;18(1):50 [PMID: 37845673]
  120. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jan;99(1):92-100 [PMID: 26479278]
  121. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(1):9-15 [PMID: 21437429]
  122. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;25(2):205-10 [PMID: 22248975]
  123. Niger Med J. 2019 Nov-Dec;60(6):317-325 [PMID: 32180663]
  124. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Dec;43(12):2881-4 [PMID: 10582876]
  125. BMJ Open. 2021 Feb 15;11(2):e041543 [PMID: 33589451]
  126. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Feb;38(2):241-8 [PMID: 19884323]
  127. Pediatrics. 2016 Nov;138(5): [PMID: 27940800]
  128. Infect Dis Now. 2022 Aug;52(5):273-279 [PMID: 35636701]
  129. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2021 Apr-Jun;16(2):161-162 [PMID: 35018187]
  130. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Feb;77(2):233-239 [PMID: 32901348]
  131. Microorganisms. 2023 May 31;11(6): [PMID: 37374959]
  132. Eur J Intern Med. 2016 Mar;28:17-24 [PMID: 26674736]
  133. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Jun 03;13(6): [PMID: 38927186]
  134. Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Sep;174(18):2967-2983 [PMID: 28664582]
  135. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019 Oct 1;74(10):2825-2843 [PMID: 31170287]
  136. Geriatrics (Basel). 2023 Nov 14;8(6): [PMID: 37987471]
  137. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Oct 7;111(40):14494-9 [PMID: 25246554]
  138. Pharmaceutics. 2021 Aug 05;13(8): [PMID: 34452168]
  139. AAPS J. 2016 Jan;18(1):171-9 [PMID: 26463060]
  140. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Feb;69(2):167-78 [PMID: 20233180]
  141. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 01;15(3): [PMID: 36986665]
  142. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Feb 26;63(3): [PMID: 30559132]
  143. J Feline Med Surg. 2012 Apr;14(4):257-61 [PMID: 22412163]
  144. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Oct 13;11(10): [PMID: 36290068]
  145. Pharmacy (Basel). 2023 Apr 02;11(2): [PMID: 37104074]
  146. Life (Basel). 2023 Jul 30;13(8): [PMID: 37629518]
  147. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(11):1687-701 [PMID: 26365594]
  148. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Apr 24;68(9):1596-1602 [PMID: 30219824]
  149. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Jan 18;11:622862 [PMID: 33536925]
  150. Arch Toxicol. 2020 Nov;94(11):3671-3722 [PMID: 33111191]
  151. JAMA. 2003 Apr 2;289(13):1652-8 [PMID: 12672733]
  152. Biomedicines. 2023 Mar 17;11(3): [PMID: 36979919]
  153. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Aug;97:107695 [PMID: 33962227]
  154. Protein Cell. 2018 May;9(5):432-445 [PMID: 29705929]
  155. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Apr 22;60(5):3070-5 [PMID: 26953202]
  156. J Med Toxicol. 2015 Sep;11(3):326-41 [PMID: 26036354]
  157. Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jan;217:107647 [PMID: 32758646]
  158. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Mar 13;15:1348112 [PMID: 38545548]
  159. J Infect Chemother. 2020 Nov;26(11):1224-1228 [PMID: 32800690]
  160. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2015 Oct-Dec;8(4):224-31 [PMID: 26604529]
  161. Sci Rep. 2023 Feb 7;13(1):2199 [PMID: 36750600]
  162. Molecules. 2021 Nov 25;26(23): [PMID: 34885734]
  163. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Sep;112(3):653-664 [PMID: 35490380]
  164. J Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 1;198(7):948-61 [PMID: 18713054]
  165. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2022 Aug 25;77(9):2364-2372 [PMID: 35726853]
  166. J Drug Deliv. 2013;2013:863539 [PMID: 23431456]
  167. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Apr;54(4):1534-40 [PMID: 20086152]
  168. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009 Dec;23(4):791-815, vii [PMID: 19909885]
  169. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 Jan;21(1):20-6 [PMID: 25636922]
  170. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Mar;48(3):809-14 [PMID: 14982769]
  171. Front Oncol. 2020 Oct 26;10:576559 [PMID: 33194688]
  172. J Hosp Infect. 2021 Aug;114:32-42 [PMID: 34301394]
  173. Front Public Health. 2023 Feb 24;11:1087407 [PMID: 36908459]
  174. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 17;24(6): [PMID: 36982857]
  175. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2021 Feb;36:100368 [PMID: 33348240]
  176. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009 Jun;7(2):96-105 [PMID: 19949567]
  177. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011 Jul;66(7):1431-46 [PMID: 21586591]
  178. Biomedicines. 2023 Jun 04;11(6): [PMID: 37371728]
  179. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2012 Aug;109(33-34):546-55; quiz 556 [PMID: 23152742]
  180. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul;23(3):590-615 [PMID: 20610825]
  181. Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek. 2012 Jun;18(3):68-74 [PMID: 22786828]
  182. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jan;74(1):63-8 [PMID: 23204624]
  183. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2022 Sep;29(5):280-283 [PMID: 33414257]
  184. BMC Res Notes. 2011 Jul 15;4:236 [PMID: 21762507]
  185. Curr Drug Metab. 2014;15(6):581-98 [PMID: 24909419]
  186. Pharmacogenomics. 2011 Jul;12(7):1017-37 [PMID: 21787191]
  187. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2022;1386:95-115 [PMID: 36258070]
  188. J Clin Med. 2022 Jun 04;11(11): [PMID: 35683591]
  189. Drugs. 2019 Feb;79(3):315-324 [PMID: 30783960]
  190. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019 Jul 23;15:921-936 [PMID: 31413581]
  191. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2019 Feb 12;19(1):86-93 [PMID: 30579325]
  192. Drugs Aging. 2023 Jun;40(6):499-526 [PMID: 36976501]
  193. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Oct;71(10):2704-12 [PMID: 27334663]
  194. Oman Med J. 2011 Jul;26(4):283-4 [PMID: 22043437]
  195. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2023 Dec 20;87(4):e0003622 [PMID: 38047635]
  196. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Nov 15;16(11): [PMID: 38004480]
  197. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Feb;79(2):241-53 [PMID: 25125025]
  198. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Dec;37(12):2375-82 [PMID: 19741038]
  199. Transplant Cell Ther. 2023 Oct;29(10):634.e1-634.e7 [PMID: 37481244]
  200. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2012 Jan;11(1):83-94 [PMID: 22022824]
  201. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2024 May-Jun;100(3):242-249 [PMID: 38145631]
  202. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2023 Feb;62(2):209-220 [PMID: 36732476]
  203. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2021 Jun;35(3):427-440 [PMID: 32918656]
  204. J Bras Nefrol. 2019 Jan-Mar;41(1):124-130 [PMID: 30281062]
  205. Adv Med. 2018 Dec 4;2018:2127814 [PMID: 30631777]
Journal Article Review

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0DDIstherapynosocomialinfectionsantibioticassessmentinteractionsreviewprovidesignificanttargetingmanagementdrug���drugPreventionidentificationdrug-drugrepresentchallengehealthcareprofessionalsespeciallysettingsnarrativeaimsthoroughclinicallyantibioticsusedhealthcare-associatedComplexpoly-pharmaceuticalregimensmultiplepathogensonepathogenpresenceanothercomorbidityincreasedpredispositionresultlife-threateningRecognisingassessinglimitingofferspromisingopportunitiesimprovinghealthoutcomesobjectiveclinicianspracticaladvicepreventmitigateaimincreasingsafetyeffectivenessDDIimportanceindividualisingaccordingpatientdiseasestatusassociatedcomorbiditiesDrug-DrugInteractionsNosocomialInfections:UpdatedReviewClinicianspharmacodynamicspharmacokineticsinteractionpersonalisedpharmacotherapeuticconsiderationstherapeuticdrugmonitoring

Similar Articles

Cited By