Use of an Ethinyl Estradiol/Etonogestrel Vaginal Ring Alters Vaginal Microbial Communities in Women with HIV.
Nicole H Tobin, Sarah L Brooker, Fan Li, Robert W Coombs, Susan E Cohn, Laura Moran, Mey Leon, Nuntisa Chotirosniramit, Emilia Jalil, Unoda A Chakalisa, Kimberly K Scarsi, Carmen D Zorrilla, Catherine Godfrey, Grace M Aldrovandi
Author Information
Nicole H Tobin: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. ORCID
Sarah L Brooker: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Fan Li: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Robert W Coombs: Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. ORCID
Susan E Cohn: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA.
Laura Moran: Public Health and Scientific Research Unit, Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Company, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Mey Leon: Barranco Clinical Research Site, Lima, Peru.
Nuntisa Chotirosniramit: Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Emilia Jalil: National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas (INI)-Fiocruz, Brazil.
Unoda A Chakalisa: Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone Prevention and Treatment Trials Unit, Gaborone, Botswana. ORCID
Kimberly K Scarsi: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Carmen D Zorrilla: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Catherine Godfrey: Bureau of Global Health Security and Diplomacy/PEPFAR, Department of State, USA.
Grace M Aldrovandi: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
BACKGROUND: HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy (ART) alters hormonal contraceptive levels delivered via intravaginal ring (IVR) in a regimen specific manner. We explored the role of the IVR on vaginal microbial communities, vaginal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), vaginal HIV shedding, and the effect of vaginal microbes on hormone concentrations in cisgender women with HIV (WWH). METHODS: Vaginal microbes were assessed by 16S RNA sequencing of weekly vaginal swabs, vaginal SCFA by mass spectrometry, HIV-1 shedding by nucleic acid amplification on vaginal aspirates, and bacterial vaginosis by Nugent scoring from 74 participants receiving an etonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol (ENG/EE) intravaginal ring while on no ART (N=25), efavirenz-based ART (N=25), or atazanavir-based ART (N=24). RESULTS: At baseline, microbial communities of the 64 substudy eligible participants robustly classified as Lactobacillus crispatus--dominant (n=8), L. gasseri-dominant (n=2), L. iners-dominant (n=17), or mixed anaerobic communities (n=37). During IVR therapy, there was an increased probability of Lactobacillus-dominant community state types (CSTs) (odds-ratio=1.61, p=0.04). Vaginal CSTs were associated with Nugent scores. Bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria were associated with significantly higher and L. iners with lower Nugent Scores (all p adj <0.1). Lactic acid levels were correlated with the relative abundance of Lactobacillus species (r2=0.574; p<0.001). Vaginal shedding of HIV-1 was less common in women with L. crispatus-dominant microbiomes (p=0.04). Mixed anaerobic vaginal communities modulated EE concentrations in a regimen-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS: Combined ENG/EE IVR therapy was associated with an increase in Lactobacillus-dominant vaginal microbial communities in WWH and may benefit those with bacterial vaginosis. EE levels were altered by the vaginal microbiota.
