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PLoS neglected tropical diseases
Nov, 2024;18 (11): e0012646.

Serovars, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance profile of non-typhoidal Salmonella in the human-dairy interface in Northwest Ethiopia: A one health approach.

Achenef Melaku Beyene, Yismaw Alemie, Mucheye Gizachew, Ahmed E Yousef, Bereket Dessalegn, Abebe Belete Bitew, Amare Alemu, Waktole Gobena, Kornschober Christian, Baye Gelaw
Author Information
  1. Achenef Melaku Beyene: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. ORCID
  2. Yismaw Alemie: Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
  3. Mucheye Gizachew: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
  4. Ahmed E Yousef: Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
  5. Bereket Dessalegn: Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
  6. Abebe Belete Bitew: Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
  7. Amare Alemu: Infectious Diseases Directorate, Tuberculosis and Other Bacterial Diseases division, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  8. Waktole Gobena: Food Microbiology Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  9. Kornschober Christian: AGES: Agency for Health and Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Graz, Austria.
  10. Baye Gelaw: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
PMID: 39565761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012646

Abstract

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a zoonotic pathogen that exerts huge public health and economic impacts in the world. The severity of illness is mainly related to the serovars involved, the presence of virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. However, data are scarce on serovars, virulence genes, and AMR among NTS identified from the human-dairy interface in Northwest Ethiopia. Thus, this study investigated the serovars, common virulence genes, and AMR patterns of NTS isolates in the area. The study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2023 among randomly selected 58 dairy farms. A total of 362 samples were processed to detect NTS using standard bacteriological methods. The presumptive positive colonies were confirmed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight (MALDi-ToF). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect virulence genes, including invA and spvC. A slide agglutination test according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme was employed to identify the serovars of the NTS isolates. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Of the processed samples (362), 28 (7.7%) NTS isolates were detected. When distributed among samples, the proportions were 11.9%, 10.5%, 10.3%, 5.2%, 4.3%, and 1.7% among cows' feces, dairy farm sewage, pooled raw milk, milk container swabs, milkers' stool, and milkers' hand swab samples, respectively. Six serovars were detected with the dominancy of S. Uganda (39.3%), followed by S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (25.0%) and S. Typhimurium (21.4%). Among the 28 NTS isolates, 100% and 21.4% had the virulence genes invA and spvC, respectively. The susceptibility profile showed that 89.3% of the NTS isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 46.4% were resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials (multidrug-resistant). Among antimicrobials, isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (57.1%), followed by tetracycline (42.9%) and chloramphenicol (35.7%). On the other hand, the NTS isolates were 100%, 96.4%, and 96.4% susceptible to ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and norfloxacin, respectively. In conclusion, we detected NTS from humans, dairy cows, raw milk, dairy utensils, and the environment (sewage), showing the potential of the human-dairy farm-environment nexus in the NTS circulation. These further highlight that the interface is a good point of intervention in the control and prevention of NTS infection. The susceptibility profiles of the isolate necessitate interventions including the prudent use of the antimicrobials.

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MeSH Term

Ethiopia
Humans
Animals
Virulence Factors
Salmonella
Salmonella Infections
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Cattle
Serogroup
One Health
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Dairying
Salmonella Infections, Animal

Chemicals

Virulence Factors
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Journal Article
Article has an altmetric score of 1

Word Cloud

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