Advancements in genomics and machine learning have significantly enhanced the study of epidemiology. Whole-genome sequencing has revolutionized bacterial genomics, allowing for detailed analysis of genetic variation and aiding in outbreak investigations and source tracking. Short-read sequencing technologies, such as those provided by Illumina, have been instrumental in generating draft genomes that facilitate serotyping and the detection of antimicrobial resistance. Long-read sequencing technologies, including those from Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore Technologies, offer the potential for more complete genome assemblies and better insights into genetic diversity. In addition to these sequencing approaches, machine learning techniques like decision trees and random forests provide powerful tools for pattern recognition and predictive modeling. Importantly, the study of bacteriophages, which interact with , offers additional layers of understanding. Phages can impact population dynamics and evolution, and their integration into genomics research holds promise for novel insights into pathogen control and epidemiology. This review revisits the history of and its pathogenesis and highlights the integration of these modern methodologies in advancing our understanding of .
