Ju-Yu Wu: Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine National Health Research Institutes 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town Miaoli County 350 Taiwan.
Yi-Chun Lin: Department of Infectious Diseases Taoyuan General Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare Taoyuan City 330 Taiwan.
Shu-Yuan Lee: Department of Infectious Diseases Taoyuan General Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare Taoyuan City 330 Taiwan.
Cheng-Pin Chen: Department of Infectious Diseases Taoyuan General Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare Taoyuan City 330 Taiwan.
Shu-Hsing Cheng: Department of Infectious Diseases Taoyuan General Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare Taoyuan City 330 Taiwan.
Chien-Yu Cheng: Department of Infectious Diseases Taoyuan General Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare Taoyuan City 330 Taiwan.
Congo Tak Shing Ching: Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine National Chung Hsing University 145, Xingda Road, South District Taichung City 402 Taiwan.
Hui-Min David Wang: Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine National Chung Hsing University 145, Xingda Road, South District Taichung City 402 Taiwan.
Chu-Chun Yeh: Department of Infectious Control Taoyuan General Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare Taoyuan City 330 Taiwan.
Wei J Chen: Center for Neuropsychiatric Research National Health Research Institutes 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town Miaoli County 350 Taiwan.
Wei-Wen Chen: Department of Infectious Control Taoyuan General Hospital Ministry of Health and Welfare Taoyuan City 330 Taiwan.
Lun-De Liao: Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine National Health Research Institutes 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town Miaoli County 350 Taiwan. ORCID
Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is the most common adverse medical event that affects patients. Internationally, healthcare workers (HCWs) are monitored for hand hygiene compliance to reduce HAI risk. While direct observation is considered the gold standard for monitoring, it has several disadvantages. To address this, the study focused on developing a comprehensive hand hygiene system that integrates the Internet of Things (IoT) hand hygiene with soap and water (HHW) and alcohol-based formulation (HHA) monitoring, incorporates real-time data visualization on a web interface to track HCWs' hand hygiene practices, and provides instant calculations of compliance and accuracy rates. This IoT system uses Bluetooth for HCW positioning and HHW detection, ultrasonic sensors for handwashing duration, and pressure sensors for HHA detection. Furthermore, a cloud server, database, and website are established to manage and display the data received by the IoT devices. To reduce HAI in Taiwan, hospitals must provide both HHW and HHA systems, and HCWs can choose either method when hand hygiene is necessary. The system achieved 72% accuracy in clinical practice within an adult intensive care unit (ICU).
