To correlate the incidence of leptospirosis with sociodemographic data in the Brazilian Unified Health System from 2011 to 2022. This ecological study used national health and economic secondary data sources. Secondary analyses summarized the scenario of disease-related hospitalizations among federative units. In total, two analyses were conducted: variable description for relationship analysis and a secondary analysis with population health and sanitation indicators and economic indicators from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat��stica (IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). The statistical analysis following this framework summarized raw data by year-month-federative unit. A time series regression was conducted, comparing the time variable with other national-level variables. Then, several simple linear regressions were performed. Linear regressions show the relationship between the reduction in cases and improved access to treated water and sewage collection, whereas an increase in per capita income seems to be inversely related to leptospirosis incidence. Geospatial distribution shows higher incidence in the Brazilian South and Southeast. Disease lethality varied over time but without significant change during the period. The average treatment cost remained constant over the years, despite its complexity. Leptospirosis incidence in Brazil from 2011 to 2021 decreased and was associated with improvements in socioeconomic conditions despite no changes in lethality.
