Ayman Elbehiry, Adil Abalkhail, Nuha Anajirih, Fahad Alkhamisi, Mohammed Aldamegh, Abdullah Alramzi, Riyad AlShaqi, Naif Alotaibi, Abdullah Aljuaid, Hilal Alzahrani, Feras Alzaben, Mohammed Rawway, Mai Ibrahem, Moustafa H Abdelsalam, Nermin I Rizk, Mohamed E A Mostafa, Moneef Rohail Alfaqir, Husam M Edrees, Mubarak Alqahtani
() is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the gastric epithelium and is associated with a range of gastrointestinal disorders, exhibiting a global prevalence of approximately 50%. Despite the availability of treatment options, frequently reemerges and demonstrates increasing antibiotic resistance, which diminishes the efficacy of conventional therapies. Consequently, it is imperative to explore non-antibiotic treatment alternatives to mitigate the inappropriate use of antibiotics. This review examines Infection, encompassing transmission pathways, treatment modalities, antibiotic resistance, and eradication strategies. Additionally, it discusses alternative therapeutic approaches such as probiotics, anti-biofilm agents, phytotherapy, phototherapy, phage therapy, lactoferrin therapy, and vaccine development. These strategies aim to reduce antimicrobial resistance and enhance treatment outcomes for infections. While alternative therapies can maintain low bacterial levels, they do not achieve complete eradication of . These therapies are designed to bolster the immune response, minimize side effects, and provide gastroprotective benefits, rendering them suitable for adjunctive use alongside conventional treatments. Probiotics may serve as adjunctive therapy for ; however, their effectiveness as a monotherapy is limited. Photodynamic and phage therapies exhibit potential in targeting infections, including those caused by drug-resistant strains, without the use of antibiotics. The development of a reliable vaccine is also critical for the eradication of . This review identifies candidate antigens such as , , and , along with various vaccine formulations, including vector-based and subunit vaccines. Some vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials, while others have shown robust immune protection in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, each of the aforementioned alternative therapies requires thorough preclinical and clinical evaluation to ascertain their efficacy, side effects, cost-effectiveness, and patient compliance.
