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Jan 22, 2025;125 (2): 745-785.

Memristive Ion Dynamics to Enable Biorealistic Computing.

Ruoyu Zhao, Seung Ju Kim, Yichun Xu, Jian Zhao, Tong Wang, Rivu Midya, Sabyasachi Ganguli, Ajit K Roy, Madan Dubey, R Stanley Williams, J Joshua Yang
Author Information
  1. Ruoyu Zhao: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States. ORCID
  2. Seung Ju Kim: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States. ORCID
  3. Yichun Xu: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States. ORCID
  4. Jian Zhao: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States. ORCID
  5. Tong Wang: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States. ORCID
  6. Rivu Midya: Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States.
  7. Sabyasachi Ganguli: Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Wright - Patterson Air Force Base Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States.
  8. Ajit K Roy: Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Wright - Patterson Air Force Base Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States. ORCID
  9. Madan Dubey: Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20723, United States.
  10. R Stanley Williams: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States. ORCID
  11. J Joshua Yang: Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States. ORCID
PMID: 39729346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00587

Abstract

Conventional artificial intelligence (AI) systems are facing bottlenecks due to the fundamental mismatches between AI models, which rely on parallel, in-memory, and dynamic computation, and traditional transistors, which have been designed and optimized for sequential logic operations. This calls for the development of novel computing units beyond transistors. Inspired by the high efficiency and adaptability of biological neural networks, computing systems mimicking the capabilities of biological structures are gaining more attention. Ion-based memristive devices (IMDs), owing to the intrinsic functional similarities to their biological counterparts, hold significant promise for implementing emerging neuromorphic learning and computing algorithms. In this article, we review the fundamental mechanisms of IMDs based on ion drift and diffusion to elucidate the origins of their diverse dynamics. We then examine how these mechanisms operate within different materials to enable IMDs with various types of switching behaviors, leading to a wide range of applications, from emulating biological components to realizing specialized computing requirements. Furthermore, we explore the potential for IMDs to be modified and tuned to achieve customized dynamics, which positions them as one of the most promising hardware candidates for executing bioinspired algorithms with unique specifications. Finally, we identify the challenges currently facing IMDs that hinder their widespread usage and highlight emerging research directions that could significantly benefit from incorporating IMDs.

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MeSH Term

Neural Networks, Computer
Ions
Artificial Intelligence
Algorithms

Chemicals

Ions
Journal Article Review
Article has an altmetric score of 1

Word Cloud

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