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Frontiers in plant science
2024;15 1462545.

Fade into you: genetic control of pigmentation patterns in red-flesh apple ().

Pierre Bouillon, Etienne Belin, Anne-Laure Fanciullino, Sandrine Balzergue, Sylvain Hanteville, Yao Letekoma, Maryline Cournol, Fatima Faris, Andr��a Bouanich, Dimitri Br��ard, Fr��d��ric Bernard, Jean-Marc Celton
Author Information
  1. Pierre Bouillon: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  2. Etienne Belin: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  3. Anne-Laure Fanciullino: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  4. Sandrine Balzergue: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  5. Sylvain Hanteville: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  6. Yao Letekoma: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  7. Maryline Cournol: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  8. Fatima Faris: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  9. Andr��a Bouanich: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  10. Dimitri Br��ard: Univ Angers, Substances d'Origine Naturelle et Analogues Structuraux (SONAS), SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
  11. Fr��d��ric Bernard: IFO, Seiches sur le Loir, France.
  12. Jean-Marc Celton: Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France.
PMID: 39872201 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1462545

Abstract

The genetic basis of type 1 red-flesh color development in apple () depends upon a particular allele of the gene. Interestingly, type 1 red-flesh apples are fully red after fruit set, but anthocyanin pigmentation in apple fruit cortex may decrease during fruit growth and maturation, leading to variable red patterning and intensities in the mature cortical flesh. We developed a histogram-based color analysis method to quantitatively estimate pigmentation patterns. This methodology was applied to investigate the phenotypic diversity in four hybrid F1 families segregating for red-flesh color. Pigmentation patterns were found to be heritable allowing the identification of a new locus by QTL analysis. To further investigate the mechanisms involved in the spatial deposition of anthocyanin, metabolome, transcriptome and methylome comparisons between white and red flesh areas within the red-flesh genotype cv. 'R201' exhibiting flesh pigmentation patterns, was performed. Wide-targeted analysis showed that white-flesh areas accumulate more dihydrochalcones and hydroxycinnamic acids than red-flesh areas while red-flesh areas accumulate more flavonoids. Anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and anthocyanin positive regulators (MBW complex) were up-regulated in red-flesh areas, while a reduction in anthocyanin storage, transport and stability (increase of pH, down-regulation of ) and an increase in phenolic catabolism were concomitant with color fading process in white-flesh areas. Expression of was linked to a differentially methylated region (DMR) suggesting a potential environmental effect on the epigenetic control of gene expression involved in color fading. Altogether, these results provide the first characterization and functional identification of color fading in apple fruit flesh.

Keywords

Malus domestica anthocyanin apple genetics pigmentation pattern red-flesh apple

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