- Luoyin Zhu: School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
- Yi Liang: School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
Microbial proliferation presents a significant challenge in membrane-based water for injection (WFI) production, particularly in systems with storage and ambient distribution, commonly refered to as cold WFI production. A comprehensive microbial risk assessment of membrane-based WFI systems was performed by employing Fuzzy-Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (Fuzzy-FMEA) to evaluate the potential microbial risks. Failure modes were identified and prioritized based on the Risk Priority Number (RPN), with appropriate preventive measures recommended to control failure modes that could increase the microbial load and mitigate their impact. Key hazards were identified including fouling of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, insufficient sealing of heat exchangers, leakage in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, and ineffective vent filters unable to remove airborn microorganism. Based on Fuzzy-FMEA results, suggestions for optimization were proposed to improve microbial control in membrane-based WFI systems in the pharmaceutical industry.