Chaoyan Dong, Lisa Altshuler, Nobutaro Ban, Lee Yuen Wong, Fatima Elbasri Abuelgasim Mohammed, Chao Tian Tang, Elizabeth Kachur
Psychological safety is the belief that one will not be punished or humiliated for speaking up, sharing ideas, raising concerns, or making mistakes. There are various threats to psychological safety in health professions education (HPE). This commentary applies Clark's model of psychological safety (Inclusion Safety, Learner Safety, Contributor Safety, Challenger Safety) to five different HPE settings (classroom instructions, clinical training, simulation-based training, online instructions, interprofessional education). Setting-specific threats and strategies for enhancing psychological safety are discussed.