OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
ACS nano
03 25, 2025;19 (11): 10630-10717.

Interfacing with the Brain: How Nanotechnology Can Contribute.

Abdullah A A Ahmed, Nuria Alegret, Bethany Almeida, Ramón Alvarez-Puebla, Anne M Andrews, Laura Ballerini, Juan J Barrios-Capuchino, Charline Becker, Robert H Blick, Shahin Bonakdar, Indranath Chakraborty, Xiaodong Chen, Jinwoo Cheon, Gerwin Chilla, Andre Luiz Coelho Conceicao, James Delehanty, Martin Dulle, Alexander L Efros, Matthias Epple, Mark Fedyk, Neus Feliu, Miao Feng, Rafael Fernández-Chacón, Irene Fernandez-Cuesta, Niels Fertig, Stephan Förster, Jose A Garrido, Michael George, Andreas H Guse, Norbert Hampp, Jann Harberts, Jili Han, Hauke R Heekeren, Ulrich G Hofmann, Malte Holzapfel, Hessam Hosseinkazemi, Yalan Huang, Patrick Huber, Taeghwan Hyeon, Sven Ingebrandt, Marcello Ienca, Armin Iske, Yanan Kang, Gregor Kasieczka, Dae-Hyeong Kim, Kostas Kostarelos, Jae-Hyun Lee, Kai-Wei Lin, Sijin Liu, Xin Liu, Yang Liu, Christian Lohr, Volker Mailänder, Laura Maffongelli, Saad Megahed, Alf Mews, Marina Mutas, Leroy Nack, Nako Nakatsuka, Thomas G Oertner, Andreas Offenhäusser, Martin Oheim, Ben Otange, Ferdinand Otto, Enrico Patrono, Bo Peng, Alessandra Picchiotti, Filippo Pierini, Monika Pötter-Nerger, Maria Pozzi, Arnd Pralle, Maurizio Prato, Bing Qi, Pedro Ramos-Cabrer, Ute Resch Genger, Norbert Ritter, Marten Rittner, Sathi Roy, Francesca Santoro, Nicolas W Schuck, Florian Schulz, Erkin Şeker, Marvin Skiba, Martin Sosniok, Holger Stephan, Ruixia Wang, Ting Wang, K David Wegner, Paul S Weiss, Ming Xu, Chenxi Yang, Seyed Shahrooz Zargarian, Yuan Zeng, Yaofeng Zhou, Dingcheng Zhu, Robert Zierold, Wolfgang J Parak
Author Information
  1. Abdullah A A Ahmed: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  2. Nuria Alegret: Biogipuzkoa HRI, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. ORCID
  3. Bethany Almeida: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States. ORCID
  4. Ramón Alvarez-Puebla: Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. ORCID
  5. Anne M Andrews: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States. ORCID
  6. Laura Ballerini: Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Trieste 34136, Italy. ORCID
  7. Juan J Barrios-Capuchino: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  8. Charline Becker: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  9. Robert H Blick: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  10. Shahin Bonakdar: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  11. Indranath Chakraborty: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  12. Xiaodong Chen: Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore. ORCID
  13. Jinwoo Cheon: Institute for Basic Science Center for Nanomedicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea. ORCID
  14. Gerwin Chilla: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  15. Andre Luiz Coelho Conceicao: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
  16. James Delehanty: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States. ORCID
  17. Martin Dulle: JCNS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
  18. Alexander L Efros: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States. ORCID
  19. Matthias Epple: Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany. ORCID
  20. Mark Fedyk: Center for Neuroengineering and Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States.
  21. Neus Feliu: Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN, Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
  22. Miao Feng: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  23. Rafael Fernández-Chacón: Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain. ORCID
  24. Irene Fernandez-Cuesta: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  25. Niels Fertig: Nanion Technologies GmbH, 80339 München, Germany.
  26. Stephan Förster: JCNS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany. ORCID
  27. Jose A Garrido: ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain. ORCID
  28. Michael George: Nanion Technologies GmbH, 80339 München, Germany.
  29. Andreas H Guse: The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
  30. Norbert Hampp: Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany. ORCID
  31. Jann Harberts: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  32. Jili Han: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  33. Hauke R Heekeren: Executive University Board, Universität Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg Germany.
  34. Ulrich G Hofmann: Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department for Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
  35. Malte Holzapfel: Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN, Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
  36. Hessam Hosseinkazemi: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  37. Yalan Huang: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  38. Patrick Huber: Institute for Materials and X-ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  39. Taeghwan Hyeon: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. ORCID
  40. Sven Ingebrandt: Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany. ORCID
  41. Marcello Ienca: Institute for Ethics and History of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany.
  42. Armin Iske: Fachbereich Mathematik, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
  43. Yanan Kang: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  44. Gregor Kasieczka: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  45. Dae-Hyeong Kim: Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. ORCID
  46. Kostas Kostarelos: Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. ORCID
  47. Jae-Hyun Lee: Institute for Basic Science Center for Nanomedicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea. ORCID
  48. Kai-Wei Lin: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  49. Sijin Liu: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. ORCID
  50. Xin Liu: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  51. Yang Liu: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  52. Christian Lohr: Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  53. Volker Mailänder: Department of Dermatology, Center for Translational Nanomedicine, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg, Universität Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
  54. Laura Maffongelli: Institute of Medical Psychology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
  55. Saad Megahed: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  56. Alf Mews: Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  57. Marina Mutas: Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN, Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
  58. Leroy Nack: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  59. Nako Nakatsuka: Laboratory of Chemical Nanotechnology (CHEMINA), Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva CH-1202, Switzerland. ORCID
  60. Thomas G Oertner: Institute for Synaptic Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  61. Andreas Offenhäusser: Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
  62. Martin Oheim: Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Saints Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, 75006 Paris, France.
  63. Ben Otange: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  64. Ferdinand Otto: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  65. Enrico Patrono: Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 12000, Czech Republic.
  66. Bo Peng: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  67. Alessandra Picchiotti: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  68. Filippo Pierini: Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland. ORCID
  69. Monika Pötter-Nerger: Head and Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
  70. Maria Pozzi: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  71. Arnd Pralle: University at Buffalo, Department of Physics, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States. ORCID
  72. Maurizio Prato: CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. ORCID
  73. Bing Qi: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  74. Pedro Ramos-Cabrer: CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. ORCID
  75. Ute Resch Genger: Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany. ORCID
  76. Norbert Ritter: Executive Faculty Board, Faculty for Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20345 Hamburg, Germany.
  77. Marten Rittner: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  78. Sathi Roy: Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN, Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  79. Francesca Santoro: Institute of Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany. ORCID
  80. Nicolas W Schuck: Institute of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
  81. Florian Schulz: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  82. Erkin Şeker: University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States. ORCID
  83. Marvin Skiba: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  84. Martin Sosniok: Zentrum für Angewandte Nanotechnologie CAN, Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
  85. Holger Stephan: Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany. ORCID
  86. Ruixia Wang: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  87. Ting Wang: State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
  88. K David Wegner: Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany. ORCID
  89. Paul S Weiss: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States. ORCID
  90. Ming Xu: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. ORCID
  91. Chenxi Yang: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  92. Seyed Shahrooz Zargarian: Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
  93. Yuan Zeng: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  94. Yaofeng Zhou: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
  95. Dingcheng Zhu: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  96. Robert Zierold: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
  97. Wolfgang J Parak: Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany. ORCID
PMID: 40063703 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c10525

Abstract

Interfacing artificial devices with the human brain is the central goal of neurotechnology. Yet, our imaginations are often limited by currently available paradigms and technologies. Suggestions for brain-machine interfaces have changed over time, along with the available technology. Mechanical levers and cable winches were used to move parts of the brain during the mechanical age. Sophisticated electronic wiring and remote control have arisen during the electronic age, ultimately leading to plug-and-play computer interfaces. Nonetheless, our brains are so complex that these visions, until recently, largely remained unreachable dreams. The general problem, thus far, is that most of our technology is mechanically and/or electrically engineered, whereas the brain is a living, dynamic entity. As a result, these worlds are difficult to interface with one another. Nanotechnology, which encompasses engineered solid-state objects and integrated circuits, excels at small length scales of single to a few hundred nanometers and, thus, matches the sizes of biomolecules, biomolecular assemblies, and parts of cells. Consequently, we envision nanomaterials and nanotools as opportunities to interface with the brain in alternative ways. Here, we review the existing literature on the use of nanotechnology in brain-machine interfaces and look forward in discussing perspectives and limitations based on the authors' expertise across a range of complementary disciplines─from neuroscience, engineering, physics, and chemistry to biology and medicine, computer science and mathematics, and social science and jurisprudence. We focus on nanotechnology but also include information from related fields when useful and complementary.

Keywords

Nanoneuro interface brain-on-a-chip brain−machine interfaces control of ion channels deep brain stimulation electrode arrays extracellular recordings nanostructured interface neuro-implants neuronal communication

References

  1. ChemistryOpen. 2020 Jun 12;9(6):703-712 [PMID: 32547900]
  2. Psychol Bull. 1999 Jan;125(1):155-64 [PMID: 9990848]
  3. ACS Sens. 2018 Feb 23;3(2):367-377 [PMID: 29359558]
  4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Jan 26;113(4):822-9 [PMID: 26699459]
  5. Nature. 2006 Aug 17;442(7104):759-65 [PMID: 16915279]
  6. Nano Lett. 2017 May 10;17(5):2757-2764 [PMID: 28384403]
  7. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 16;10(1):19836 [PMID: 33199768]
  8. Chem Soc Rev. 2019 Apr 1;48(7):2053-2108 [PMID: 30259015]
  9. Cell Calcium. 2006 Nov-Dec;40(5-6):413-22 [PMID: 17067668]
  10. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Apr;9(12):e2104701 [PMID: 35191224]
  11. Front Neuroanat. 2019 Aug 20;13:77 [PMID: 31481880]
  12. Nano Lett. 2020 Dec 9;20(12):8620-8625 [PMID: 33164510]
  13. J Neural Eng. 2020 Oct 15;17(5):056029 [PMID: 33055366]
  14. Front Neural Circuits. 2021 Mar 22;15:658343 [PMID: 33828463]
  15. Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1022-5 [PMID: 11834821]
  16. Micromachines (Basel). 2016 Sep 08;7(9): [PMID: 30404335]
  17. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2007;18(10):1245-61 [PMID: 17939884]
  18. J Neurosci Methods. 1995 Dec;63(1-2):43-54 [PMID: 8788047]
  19. Sci Adv. 2021 Mar 17;7(12): [PMID: 33731359]
  20. Nat Commun. 2018 May 1;9(1):1750 [PMID: 29717130]
  21. Sci Adv. 2019 Jul 10;5(7):eaaw3108 [PMID: 31309147]
  22. J Neurosci Methods. 2009 Nov 15;184(2):199-205 [PMID: 19666051]
  23. Science. 1968 Oct 11;162(3850):230-9 [PMID: 4877437]
  24. Nat Commun. 2016 Jan 08;7:10241 [PMID: 26742890]
  25. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2005 Jun;13(2):172-8 [PMID: 16003896]
  26. Sci Adv. 2018 Jan 12;4(1):e1601453 [PMID: 29349292]
  27. Nat Methods. 2008 Sep;5(9):763-75 [PMID: 18756197]
  28. Opt Lett. 2005 Mar 1;30(5):504-6 [PMID: 15789717]
  29. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 24;9(6):e100252 [PMID: 24959857]
  30. Sci Adv. 2019 Oct 25;5(10):eaax3084 [PMID: 31692692]
  31. J Neurosci Methods. 2004 Aug 30;137(2):141-50 [PMID: 15262054]
  32. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Feb;22(1):61-71 [PMID: 22119320]
  33. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2020 Jul 8;43:375-389 [PMID: 32640930]
  34. J Control Release. 2006 Feb 21;110(3):531-41 [PMID: 16360955]
  35. J Neural Eng. 2016 Dec;13(6):066002 [PMID: 27705958]
  36. Chem Commun (Camb). 2022 Aug 30;58(70):9790-9793 [PMID: 35971788]
  37. Front Syst Neurosci. 2008 Nov 24;2:4 [PMID: 19104670]
  38. Trends Neurosci. 1994 Jul;17(7):268-77 [PMID: 7524210]
  39. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2019 Jul;100:616-630 [PMID: 30948098]
  40. Chem Rev. 2013 May 8;113(5):3815-35 [PMID: 23327673]
  41. Nature. 1976 Apr 29;260(5554):799-802 [PMID: 1083489]
  42. Small. 2018 Mar;14(13):e1702858 [PMID: 29450963]
  43. Behav Brain Res. 2014 Jun 1;266:161-8 [PMID: 24631394]
  44. Adv Healthc Mater. 2017 May;6(9): [PMID: 28198591]
  45. Nature. 2008 Jun 12;453(7197):869-78 [PMID: 18548064]
  46. Small. 2011 Mar 7;7(5):640-7 [PMID: 21290597]
  47. Biomed J. 2022 Oct;45(5):749-762 [PMID: 35667642]
  48. Nat Nanotechnol. 2019 Aug;14(8):783-790 [PMID: 31263191]
  49. Sci Rep. 2020 Oct 22;10(1):18033 [PMID: 33093563]
  50. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017 Jan 5;372(1711): [PMID: 27872368]
  51. Pflugers Arch. 1989 Sep;414(5):600-12 [PMID: 2780225]
  52. Nat Commun. 2015 Feb 11;6:6208 [PMID: 25670235]
  53. Adv Healthc Mater. 2020 Jan;9(1):e1901342 [PMID: 31794161]
  54. Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1413-5 [PMID: 22158821]
  55. Nat Mater. 2019 Mar;18(3):280-288 [PMID: 30598536]
  56. Biosens Bioelectron. 2018 Dec 30;122:147-159 [PMID: 30248642]
  57. Adv Mater. 2017 Sep;29(34): [PMID: 28681955]
  58. Neuron. 2007 Oct 4;56(1):43-57 [PMID: 17920014]
  59. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 Feb;3(2):142-51 [PMID: 11836522]
  60. Biomaterials. 2012 Jun;33(17):4264-76 [PMID: 22425024]
  61. Front Neuroenergetics. 2010 Aug 06;2: [PMID: 20844600]
  62. Nanoscale. 2020 Jan 28;12(4):2406-2414 [PMID: 31782467]
  63. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015 Jul 01;7(7):a021758 [PMID: 26134321]
  64. ACS Mater Au. 2023 Jun 08;3(5):464-482 [PMID: 38089097]
  65. ACS Nano. 2018 Jul 24;12(7):7292-7300 [PMID: 29953205]
  66. Physiol Rev. 2018 Jan 1;98(1):239-389 [PMID: 29351512]
  67. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1989 Jul;36(7):693-704 [PMID: 2744793]
  68. Nat Commun. 2021 Feb 5;12(1):831 [PMID: 33547306]
  69. Nat Commun. 2021 Mar 19;12(1):1795 [PMID: 33741933]
  70. Front Neurosci. 2016 Jan 14;9:521 [PMID: 26834546]
  71. Nano Lett. 2004 Jan 1;4(1):11-18 [PMID: 28890669]
  72. Front Neural Circuits. 2013 Jan 09;6:122 [PMID: 23316141]
  73. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2015 May;23(3):342-50 [PMID: 25073174]
  74. Neuron. 2022 Jul 6;110(13):2057-2062 [PMID: 35671759]
  75. Biomed Res Int. 2019 May 27;2019:5806321 [PMID: 31263706]
  76. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013 Dec 2;52(49):13002-6 [PMID: 24174264]
  77. J Neural Eng. 2009 Aug;6(4):046002 [PMID: 19494422]
  78. Nano Lett. 2007 Oct;7(10):2960-5 [PMID: 17880143]
  79. Nanoscale. 2019 Jul 28;11(28):13440-13449 [PMID: 31287476]
  80. Front Neural Circuits. 2013 Dec 24;7:201 [PMID: 24399936]
  81. Chem Soc Rev. 2009 Apr;38(4):976-89 [PMID: 19421576]
  82. Neuropharmacology. 2023 Feb 1;223:109311 [PMID: 36328064]
  83. PNAS Nexus. 2024 Feb 22;3(2):pgae082 [PMID: 38725532]
  84. Nat Biomed Eng. 2023 Feb;7(2):149-163 [PMID: 36456857]
  85. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018 Mar;13(3):260-266 [PMID: 29459654]
  86. Science. 2020 Dec 4;370(6521):1191-1196 [PMID: 33273097]
  87. Science. 2017 Sep 15;357(6356): [PMID: 28912215]
  88. Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 22;11(1):18819 [PMID: 34552130]
  89. Acc Chem Res. 2020 Nov 17;53(11):2692-2704 [PMID: 33103883]
  90. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 14;1:CD012991 [PMID: 31935047]
  91. Micromachines (Basel). 2019 Jul 12;10(7): [PMID: 31336980]
  92. J Neurophysiol. 2017 Mar 1;117(3):1320-1341 [PMID: 28031399]
  93. Sci Adv. 2022 Jan 07;8(1):eabk0967 [PMID: 34985954]
  94. Science. 2023 Jun 2;380(6648):942-948 [PMID: 37262137]
  95. Science. 2018 Feb 9;359(6376):679-684 [PMID: 29439241]
  96. Biomed Opt Express. 2012 Mar 1;3(3):447-54 [PMID: 22435093]
  97. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2008;10:275-309 [PMID: 18429704]
  98. Chem Res Toxicol. 2021 Jan 18;34(1):24-46 [PMID: 33319996]
  99. Chembiochem. 2008 Jul 21;9(11):1729-34 [PMID: 18604834]
  100. Nature. 2017 Mar 9;543(7644):229-233 [PMID: 28225761]
  101. Phys Rev Lett. 1992 Feb 3;68(5):631-634 [PMID: 10045950]
  102. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020 Dec 9;12(49):54328-54342 [PMID: 33238095]
  103. Neuron. 2016 Aug 3;91(3):529-39 [PMID: 27497221]
  104. Chem Soc Rev. 2015 Mar 21;44(6):1299-301 [PMID: 25716767]
  105. J Neurosci Methods. 1993 Sep;49(3):175-9 [PMID: 8271837]
  106. Chem Rev. 2018 Nov 14;118(21):10627-10628 [PMID: 30424609]
  107. Nano Lett. 2020 May 13;20(5):3528-3537 [PMID: 32223249]
  108. ACS Photonics. 2018 Jul 18;5(7):2860-2867 [PMID: 30042952]
  109. Cell Rep. 2018 Jan 2;22(1):110-122 [PMID: 29298414]
  110. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2017 Feb 1;2017(2): [PMID: 28148854]
  111. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Jul 08;19(7): [PMID: 29986546]
  112. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2019 Sep;14(18):2479-2486 [PMID: 31456482]
  113. Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7835):567-576 [PMID: 33239794]
  114. Cell. 2019 Apr 4;177(2):243-255.e15 [PMID: 30827682]
  115. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1988 Dec;35(12):1023-32 [PMID: 3220496]
  116. Neurosci Res. 2021 Aug;169:2-8 [PMID: 32531233]
  117. Trends Biochem Sci. 2017 Jan;42(1):57-71 [PMID: 27743844]
  118. Nature. 2009 Apr 23;458(7241):1025-9 [PMID: 19295515]
  119. Mol Biol Cell. 2017 Apr 1;28(7):848-857 [PMID: 28360214]
  120. J Neural Eng. 2020 Sep 11;: [PMID: 32916665]
  121. Front Neurosci. 2019 Jan 29;13:10 [PMID: 30760974]
  122. Acta Biomater. 2023 Jul 1;164:209-222 [PMID: 37116634]
  123. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2012 Aug 15;3(8):611-8 [PMID: 22896805]
  124. Nano Lett. 2014 Nov 12;14(11):6685-92 [PMID: 25350365]
  125. Nanotechnology. 2017 Jan 31;28(9):095302 [PMID: 28139471]
  126. Lancet. 2017 May 6;389(10081):1821-1830 [PMID: 28363483]
  127. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019 May;8(10):e1900130 [PMID: 30946540]
  128. Front Neural Circuits. 2013 Feb 25;7:27 [PMID: 23443214]
  129. J Vis Exp. 2019 Jan 25;(143): [PMID: 30735167]
  130. Nat Commun. 2017 Oct 31;8(1):1228 [PMID: 29089483]
  131. Front Neurosci. 2018 Aug 14;12:560 [PMID: 30154692]
  132. Biophys J. 2017 Feb 28;112(4):703-713 [PMID: 28256230]
  133. Nat Biomed Eng. 2018 Jul;2(7):508-521 [PMID: 30906646]
  134. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Nov;9(33):e2203257 [PMID: 36253148]
  135. Biochemistry. 2018 Jan 16;57(2):194-199 [PMID: 29022344]
  136. Nature. 2009 Oct 15;461(7266):941-6 [PMID: 19829374]
  137. ACS Sens. 2022 Dec 23;7(12):3644-3653 [PMID: 36399772]
  138. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Jan 29;7:466 [PMID: 32064254]
  139. Nanotechnology. 2007 Jan 24;18(3):035201 [PMID: 19636111]
  140. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 May 31;119(22):e2202842119 [PMID: 35613050]
  141. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Aug 10;118(32): [PMID: 34341108]
  142. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023 Feb 8;15(5):6283-6296 [PMID: 36576451]
  143. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Oct;18(10):573-584 [PMID: 28878372]
  144. J R Soc Interface. 2009 Dec 6;6(41):1153-65 [PMID: 19474080]
  145. Bioact Mater. 2023 Feb 21;26:24-51 [PMID: 36875055]
  146. J Neural Eng. 2016 Apr;13(2):021001 [PMID: 26792176]
  147. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 28;111(4):1259-64 [PMID: 24474745]
  148. Nat Neurosci. 2021 Mar;24(3):343-354 [PMID: 33558694]
  149. ACS Nano. 2019 Mar 26;13(3):2913-2926 [PMID: 30829469]
  150. J Neurophysiol. 2015 Jan 1;113(1):1-3 [PMID: 24872532]
  151. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020 Apr 1;12(13):14855-14865 [PMID: 32162910]
  152. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2019 Jul 1;58(27):9262-9268 [PMID: 31087740]
  153. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018 Apr;13(4):278-288 [PMID: 29636589]
  154. Micromachines (Basel). 2022 Jul 29;13(8): [PMID: 36014137]
  155. Biomaterials. 2017 Jan;113:279-292 [PMID: 27837661]
  156. Cell. 2014 Jun 19;157(7):1535-51 [PMID: 24949967]
  157. Science. 2022 Nov 4;378(6619):493-499 [PMID: 36327349]
  158. Acta Biomater. 2014 Oct;10(10):4425-36 [PMID: 24954912]
  159. Front Neurosci. 2019 Dec 10;13:1321 [PMID: 31920491]
  160. PLoS One. 2016 Jul 06;11(7):e0158571 [PMID: 27385031]
  161. Curr Biol. 2008 Sep 9;18(17):R756-R758 [PMID: 18786380]
  162. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2326 [PMID: 23933660]
  163. Small. 2021 Apr;17(14):e2006612 [PMID: 33711201]
  164. Anal Chem. 2013 Dec 3;85(23):11610-8 [PMID: 24245771]
  165. Neuron. 2010 Jun 10;66(5):681-94 [PMID: 20547127]
  166. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021 Feb;17(2):75-87 [PMID: 33244188]
  167. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2010 Jan 20;1(1):49-64 [PMID: 20352073]
  168. Chem Soc Rev. 2016 May 3;45(9):2440-57 [PMID: 26862602]
  169. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2023 Feb 1;15(4):5897-5909 [PMID: 36656061]
  170. ACS Omega. 2017 Sep 14;2(9):5775-5784 [PMID: 31457836]
  171. Cereb Cortex. 1991 Jan-Feb;1(1):1-47 [PMID: 1822724]
  172. Nat Commun. 2021 Jun 14;12(1):3597 [PMID: 34127659]
  173. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2020;13:292-308 [PMID: 31634142]
  174. ACS Nano. 2015 May 26;9(5):5500-5509 [PMID: 25858596]
  175. Nano Lett. 2016 Jun 8;16(6):3885-91 [PMID: 27215487]
  176. J Neurosci Methods. 2011 Oct 30;202(1):38-44 [PMID: 21907237]
  177. Biomed Eng Online. 2020 Feb 12;19(1):9 [PMID: 32050989]
  178. Small. 2009 Jun;5(11):1283-6 [PMID: 19291734]
  179. Sci Adv. 2018 Oct 31;4(10):eaat8131 [PMID: 30402539]
  180. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jul 1;89(13):5951-5 [PMID: 1631079]
  181. Nano Lett. 2018 May 9;18(5):2903-2911 [PMID: 29608857]
  182. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018 May 2;10(17):15207-15215 [PMID: 29620843]
  183. Mol Divers. 2017 May;21(2):355-365 [PMID: 28050687]
  184. Nat Neurosci. 2023 May;26(5):858-866 [PMID: 37127759]
  185. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2023 Sep-Oct;15(5):e1895 [PMID: 37141863]
  186. Chem Soc Rev. 2015 Mar 21;44(6):1379-415 [PMID: 25093303]
  187. Nature. 2015 May 28;521(7553):436-44 [PMID: 26017442]
  188. Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):242-6 [PMID: 16614215]
  189. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007 Dec 1;83(3):636-45 [PMID: 17508416]
  190. J Control Release. 2021 Sep 10;337:521-529 [PMID: 34352315]
  191. Nat Commun. 2014 Jul 01;5:4237 [PMID: 24980062]
  192. J Neurosci. 2007 Jun 27;27(26):6931-6 [PMID: 17596441]
  193. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000 Dec;111(12):2138-44 [PMID: 11090763]
  194. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2019 Apr;107(4):802-814 [PMID: 30578713]
  195. Biomolecules. 2021 Feb 24;11(3): [PMID: 33668387]
  196. J Neural Eng. 2018 Feb;15(1):016018 [PMID: 29064377]
  197. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2021 Jan;22(1):55-67 [PMID: 33199854]
  198. Nature. 2006 Jul 13;442(7099):164-71 [PMID: 16838014]
  199. Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 8;12(1):159 [PMID: 33420035]
  200. Chem Soc Rev. 2015 Mar 21;44(6):1561-84 [PMID: 25176037]
  201. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021 Nov;413(27):6747-6767 [PMID: 34686897]
  202. Nat Med. 2021 Jul;27(7):1223-1229 [PMID: 34031601]
  203. Nature. 2001 Mar 22;410(6827):450-3 [PMID: 11260708]
  204. Nat Nanotechnol. 2009 Feb;4(2):126-33 [PMID: 19197316]
  205. Biomaterials. 2006 Jan;27(3):460-72 [PMID: 16115675]
  206. Nano Lett. 2018 Jan 10;18(1):326-335 [PMID: 29220192]
  207. Sci Transl Med. 2015 Nov 11;7(313):313ra179 [PMID: 26560357]
  208. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018 Dec 19;10(50):43904-43914 [PMID: 30475577]
  209. ACS Nano. 2013 Feb 26;7(2):1188-99 [PMID: 23311347]
  210. Nat Nanotechnol. 2016 Apr;11(4):372-7 [PMID: 26878141]
  211. Cell Calcium. 2005 Apr;37(4):283-99 [PMID: 15755490]
  212. Adv Mater. 2017 Nov;29(42): [PMID: 28901588]
  213. IEEE Sens J. 2019;19(22): [PMID: 32116472]
  214. Pharmaceutics. 2020 Jul 07;12(7): [PMID: 32645904]
  215. Nat Nanotechnol. 2012 Feb 12;7(3):185-90 [PMID: 22327876]
  216. Nanotechnology. 2014 Sep 12;25(36):362001 [PMID: 25130133]
  217. Laser Photon Rev. 2011 Jan 1;5(1):68-80 [PMID: 23082105]
  218. Elife. 2017 Aug 15;6: [PMID: 28826470]
  219. Biomaterials. 2020 Jan;227:119556 [PMID: 31670035]
  220. AJOB Neurosci. 2020 Jul-Sep;11(3):135-139 [PMID: 32716755]
  221. Nano Lett. 2020 Oct 14;20(10):7670-7679 [PMID: 32870013]
  222. Nat Commun. 2020 Feb 14;11(1):881 [PMID: 32060282]
  223. Nat Mater. 2016 Jul;15(7):782-791 [PMID: 27088236]
  224. Nanoscale. 2019 Mar 7;11(10):4414-4427 [PMID: 30801591]
  225. J Neurosci. 2018 Mar 21;38(12):3081-3091 [PMID: 29463641]
  226. Nature. 2019 Jul;571(7766):S6-S8 [PMID: 31341309]
  227. Biomaterials. 2021 Aug;275:120949 [PMID: 34153784]
  228. Langmuir. 2018 Jan 30;34(4):1528-1534 [PMID: 29261324]
  229. Biomaterials. 2010 Sep;31(25):6574-81 [PMID: 20542560]
  230. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1604 [PMID: 23549373]
  231. Neuroimage. 2012 Aug 15;62(2):1152-6 [PMID: 21963919]
  232. ACS Nano. 2019 Jun 25;13(6):6151-6169 [PMID: 31124656]
  233. Science. 2018 Oct 19;362(6412):319-324 [PMID: 30190311]
  234. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 13;7:40332 [PMID: 28084398]
  235. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2019 Oct;103:109865 [PMID: 31349419]
  236. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2018 Mar 12;4(3):1037-1045 [PMID: 33418787]
  237. J Neurosci Methods. 2000 Jun 1;98(2):135-44 [PMID: 10880827]
  238. Nat Biomed Eng. 2020 Feb;4(2):232-241 [PMID: 31548592]
  239. Nanotoxicology. 2019 Apr;13(3):285-304 [PMID: 30691378]
  240. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3206 [PMID: 24487777]
  241. Nat Mater. 2016 Sep;15(9):1023-30 [PMID: 27348576]
  242. Sci Rep. 2016 Mar 04;6:22686 [PMID: 26940847]
  243. ACS Nano. 2013 Mar 26;7(3):2369-80 [PMID: 23363247]
  244. Anal Chim Acta. 2022 Feb 1;1192:339307 [PMID: 35057965]
  245. ACS Nano. 2014 Jul 22;8(7):6590-8 [PMID: 25004005]
  246. J Control Release. 2021 Feb 10;330:218-228 [PMID: 33309836]
  247. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2004;2004:2542-5 [PMID: 17270791]
  248. Front Hum Neurosci. 2023 Jun 07;17:1162712 [PMID: 37351363]
  249. Nat Nanotechnol. 2023 Jun;18(6):667-676 [PMID: 37012508]
  250. Chem Rev. 2018 Nov 14;118(21):10659-10709 [PMID: 29984995]
  251. ACS Nano. 2018 May 22;12(5):4186-4193 [PMID: 29570267]
  252. Nat Nanotechnol. 2010 Aug;5(8):602-6 [PMID: 20581833]
  253. Nano Lett. 2019 Dec 11;19(12):8539-8549 [PMID: 31686516]
  254. Nano Lett. 2016 Feb 10;16(2):1509-13 [PMID: 26745653]
  255. Biosens Bioelectron. 2003 Jan;18(1):31-41 [PMID: 12445442]
  256. Sci Adv. 2016 Jul 15;2(7):e1600087 [PMID: 27453939]
  257. Nat New Biol. 1971 Sep 29;233(39):149-52 [PMID: 4940442]
  258. Small. 2010 Feb 22;6(4):499-502 [PMID: 20025079]
  259. Adv Biosyst. 2019 Dec;3(12):e1900148 [PMID: 32648684]
  260. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2019 Apr 8;58(16):5256-5260 [PMID: 30811077]
  261. Magn Reson Imaging. 1991;9(1):1-37 [PMID: 2056846]
  262. Neuroimage. 2021 May 1;231:117862 [PMID: 33592243]
  263. ACS Nano. 2018 Aug 28;12(8):8104-8114 [PMID: 30020770]
  264. Sci Adv. 2021 Nov 26;7(48):eabj7422 [PMID: 34818033]
  265. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2022 Jan;45(1):435-450 [PMID: 31908176]
  266. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2014 Feb 03;9(1):56 [PMID: 24484729]
  267. Front Neurosci. 2020 May 19;14:405 [PMID: 32508562]
  268. Bone. 2015 Feb;71:42-52 [PMID: 25306893]
  269. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Jan;7(1):65-74 [PMID: 16371951]
  270. J Neurosci Methods. 1989 Nov;30(2):91-106 [PMID: 2586157]
  271. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Mar 31;112(13):3920-5 [PMID: 25775550]
  272. J Neurobiol. 2004 Oct;61(1):3-12 [PMID: 15362149]
  273. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2004;27:487-507 [PMID: 15217341]
  274. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2021 Dec;65(7):896-903 [PMID: 34472707]
  275. Bioconjug Chem. 2015 Feb 18;26(2):166-75 [PMID: 25254658]
  276. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2002 Dec;49(12 Pt 2):1574-9 [PMID: 12549739]
  277. Neuron. 2017 Nov 1;96(3):572-603 [PMID: 29096074]
  278. Nano Lett. 2016 Jan 13;16(1):675-80 [PMID: 26645112]
  279. Science. 2022 Oct 14;378(6616):160-168 [PMID: 36227975]
  280. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020 Sep 9;12(36):40031-40041 [PMID: 32805826]
  281. Neuron. 2020 Oct 14;108(1):17-32 [PMID: 33058762]
  282. Sci Adv. 2021 Jan 13;7(3): [PMID: 33523872]
  283. Nat Nanotechnol. 2019 Jul;14(7):645-657 [PMID: 31270446]
  284. Trends Neurosci. 2015 Sep;38(9):535-49 [PMID: 26316036]
  285. Front Synaptic Neurosci. 2018 Jun 08;10:15 [PMID: 29937727]
  286. Biomed Microdevices. 2014 Feb;16(1):43-53 [PMID: 23974529]
  287. Nat Neurosci. 2003 Aug;6(8):846-53 [PMID: 12845327]
  288. ACS Nano. 2021 Nov 23;15(11):18520-18531 [PMID: 34748307]
  289. J Neurosci. 2011 Sep 7;31(36):12945-53 [PMID: 21900573]
  290. Adv Mater. 2018 Jul;30(27):e1800512 [PMID: 29782671]
  291. Nanoscale. 2019 May 9;11(18):9176-9184 [PMID: 31038144]
  292. J Neural Eng. 2021 Apr 27;18(4): [PMID: 33780909]
  293. Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1284-5 [PMID: 23470729]
  294. Nat Commun. 2020 Jan 24;11(1):471 [PMID: 31980655]
  295. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2019 Jul 8;42:271-293 [PMID: 30939100]
  296. Biomed Microdevices. 2009 Apr;11(2):495-501 [PMID: 19067173]
  297. Theranostics. 2022 May 26;12(10):4477-4497 [PMID: 35832077]
  298. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2000 Apr;20(2):131-47 [PMID: 10696506]
  299. Nature. 2010 Jan 14;463(7278):232-6 [PMID: 20075918]
  300. Biophys J. 2009 May 6;96(9):3611-9 [PMID: 19413966]
  301. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2019 Jun;16(6):583-605 [PMID: 31107110]
  302. Adv Mater. 2011 Jun 17;23(22-23):2675-80 [PMID: 21823249]
  303. Nanotechnology. 2010 Mar 26;21(12):125504 [PMID: 20203356]
  304. J Neurosci Methods. 2002 Jun 30;117(2):123-31 [PMID: 12100977]
  305. Nat Biomed Eng. 2022 Jun;6(6):754-770 [PMID: 35314800]
  306. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2016 Jan;63(1):138-47 [PMID: 26390442]
  307. Nano Lett. 2020 Aug 12;20(8):5982-5990 [PMID: 32706969]
  308. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018 Dec 3;59(15):5885-5892 [PMID: 30550611]
  309. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020 Feb 10;6(2):1269-1278 [PMID: 33464834]
  310. Nanoscale. 2013 Jan 7;5(1):307-17 [PMID: 23165345]
  311. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2023 May 15;638:339-348 [PMID: 36746052]
  312. J Neurosci. 1998 Dec 15;18(24):10464-72 [PMID: 9852584]
  313. Nat Mater. 2022 Jun;21(6):647-655 [PMID: 35618824]
  314. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019 Aug 21;10(8):3375-3385 [PMID: 31244053]
  315. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Oct 13;117(41):25212-25218 [PMID: 32999065]
  316. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013 May;65(5):677-88 [PMID: 23280372]
  317. Trends Biochem Sci. 2019 Feb;44(2):110-124 [PMID: 30424907]
  318. Chem Rev. 2004 Jan;104(1):139-73 [PMID: 14719973]
  319. J Mater Chem B. 2014 Jun 21;2(23):3646-3658 [PMID: 32263801]
  320. Biomed Eng Online. 2016 Oct 21;15(1):115 [PMID: 27769304]
  321. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2013 May 15;4(5):645 [PMID: 23862750]
  322. J Physiol. 2003 Jul 1;550(Pt 1):135-47 [PMID: 12879864]
  323. Lab Chip. 2016 Jun 21;16(12):2188-91 [PMID: 27225661]
  324. Biomaterials. 2018 Aug;175:93-109 [PMID: 29804001]
  325. Nat Protoc. 2018 Dec;13(12):2827-2843 [PMID: 30382243]
  326. Nat Mater. 2021 Jul;20(7):1029-1036 [PMID: 33510447]
  327. Prog Brain Res. 2011;194:241-52 [PMID: 21867808]
  328. Adv Biol (Weinh). 2022 Jan;6(1):e2000526 [PMID: 34837667]
  329. Nat Methods. 2014 Mar;11(3):338-46 [PMID: 24509633]
  330. J Physiol. 1962 Jan;160:106-54 [PMID: 14449617]
  331. Adv Mater. 2023 Jan;35(3):e2208601 [PMID: 36305036]
  332. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1970 Jul;17(3):238-47 [PMID: 5431636]
  333. Nat Commun. 2014 Jul 29;5:4466 [PMID: 25072981]
  334. Nat Protoc. 2011 Sep 01;6(9):1453-70 [PMID: 21886108]
  335. Chem Rev. 2017 May 10;117(9):6423-6446 [PMID: 28401765]
  336. Biomaterials. 2011 Jan;32(3):681-92 [PMID: 20933270]
  337. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2019 Dec 1;184:110549 [PMID: 31610417]
  338. Nanotechnology. 2019 May 24;30(21):214003 [PMID: 30699399]
  339. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2017 May 17;19(19):11825-11834 [PMID: 28436509]
  340. J Neural Eng. 2014 Dec;11(6):065002 [PMID: 25420074]
  341. Nature. 2010 Nov 11;468(7321):232-43 [PMID: 21068832]
  342. Biosensors (Basel). 2023 Mar 15;13(3): [PMID: 36979601]
  343. Adv Mater. 2015 Sep 16;27(35):5147-52 [PMID: 26197973]
  344. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2019 Aug;141:70-80 [PMID: 31082511]
  345. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2018 Dec 3;57(49):16036-16040 [PMID: 30315742]
  346. Sci Adv. 2020 Sep 30;6(40): [PMID: 32998892]
  347. ACS Nano. 2023 May 23;17(10):9140-9154 [PMID: 37163347]
  348. iScience. 2020 Aug 21;23(8):101387 [PMID: 32745989]
  349. J Mater Chem B. 2020 Aug 12;8(31):6624-6666 [PMID: 32567626]
  350. J Mater Chem B. 2021 Dec 1;9(46):9485-9496 [PMID: 34797365]
  351. Biomaterials. 2013 Jan;34(4):875-87 [PMID: 23131535]
  352. Sci Rep. 2018 May 9;8(1):7413 [PMID: 29743549]
  353. J R Soc Interface. 2005 Jun 22;2(3):133-44 [PMID: 16849174]
  354. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006 Dec;117(12):2584-96 [PMID: 16890483]
  355. Sci Rep. 2015 Apr 24;5:9562 [PMID: 25910072]
  356. Animals (Basel). 2019 Sep 30;9(10): [PMID: 31575048]
  357. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998 Jun;106(6):522-34 [PMID: 9741752]
  358. J Neurophysiol. 2012 Jun;107(12):3227-34 [PMID: 22442563]
  359. Biomolecules. 2023 Apr 30;13(5): [PMID: 37238653]
  360. Cardiovasc Res. 2013 May 1;98(2):259-68 [PMID: 23417042]
  361. Sci Rep. 2014 May 02;4:4868 [PMID: 24785307]
  362. Nat Commun. 2014 Oct 20;5:5259 [PMID: 25327632]
  363. Adv Healthc Mater. 2017 Sep;6(17): [PMID: 28795515]
  364. Adv Mater. 2022 Mar;34(11):e2106829 [PMID: 35014735]
  365. Nano Lett. 2019 Sep 11;19(9):6244-6254 [PMID: 31369283]
  366. Small. 2019 Nov;15(45):e1904203 [PMID: 31482695]
  367. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Sep 1;106(35):15055-60 [PMID: 19706463]
  368. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Nov 1;113(44):12374-12379 [PMID: 27791073]
  369. Neuroscientist. 2024 Jun;30(3):367-377 [PMID: 36250457]
  370. J Neural Eng. 2018 Jun;15(3):034001 [PMID: 29205169]
  371. Neuroimage. 2023 Jul 15;275:120179 [PMID: 37225111]
  372. Brain. 2020 Dec 5;143(11):3181-3213 [PMID: 33020798]
  373. Science. 2019 Jun 28;364(6447): [PMID: 31249030]
  374. Bull Math Biol. 1990;52(1-2):99-115; discussion 73-97 [PMID: 2185863]
  375. Neuron. 2020 Aug 19;107(4):631-643.e5 [PMID: 32516574]
  376. Nanomedicine. 2018 Oct;14(7):2521-2532 [PMID: 28552645]
  377. Acta Biomater. 2022 Jan 1;137:124-135 [PMID: 34644612]
  378. Biophys J. 2020 Mar 24;118(6):1502-1510 [PMID: 32061270]
  379. Science. 2020 Jan 3;367(6473): [PMID: 31896692]
  380. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Jan;10(2):e2204016 [PMID: 36414395]
  381. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2018;13(2):110-119 [PMID: 29651960]
  382. Nat Neurosci. 2005 Sep;8(9):1263-8 [PMID: 16116447]
  383. Nat Mater. 2012 Nov;11(11):986-94 [PMID: 22922448]
  384. J Phys Condens Matter. 2015 Jun 17;27(23):233103 [PMID: 26010455]
  385. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1992 Apr;39(4):424-6 [PMID: 1592409]
  386. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1980;24(1):65-8 [PMID: 7376807]
  387. Nat Nanotechnol. 2012 Jan 10;7(3):180-4 [PMID: 22231664]
  388. Nat Biomed Eng. 2022 Jun;6(6):706-716 [PMID: 35361934]
  389. ACS Nano. 2015;9(4):4572-82 [PMID: 25798751]
  390. Adv Mater. 2021 Jun;33(24):e2008261 [PMID: 33949733]
  391. Prog Neurobiol. 2021 Dec;207:101936 [PMID: 33130229]
  392. Nat Methods. 2012 Dec;9(12):1171-9 [PMID: 23169303]
  393. ACS Sens. 2019 Dec 27;4(12):3308-3317 [PMID: 31631652]
  394. Front Neurosci. 2020 Jan 10;13:1367 [PMID: 31998057]
  395. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):7658-63 [PMID: 10393876]
  396. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2014 Mar;102(3):828-41 [PMID: 23554154]
  397. Front Neurosci. 2021 Dec 22;15:771980 [PMID: 35002602]
  398. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 9;10(1):19318 [PMID: 33168848]
  399. Biosens Bioelectron. 2024 Aug 15;258:116298 [PMID: 38701537]
  400. Chem Soc Rev. 2019 Jun 4;48(11):2967-3014 [PMID: 31089607]
  401. Nanoscale. 2018 Feb 1;10(5):2568-2576 [PMID: 29350231]
  402. J Control Release. 2011 Aug 25;154(1):103-7 [PMID: 21616104]
  403. ACS Nano. 2010 Sep 28;4(9):5487-97 [PMID: 20822159]
  404. Nano Lett. 2010 Mar 10;10(3):782-7 [PMID: 20102185]
  405. J Neurosci Methods. 1991 Apr;37(2):173-82 [PMID: 1715499]
  406. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016 Jul 27;8(29):18693-700 [PMID: 27420034]
  407. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020 Oct;21(10):551-564 [PMID: 32873937]
  408. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2006 May;53(5):934-40 [PMID: 16686416]
  409. Biomaterials. 2014 Nov;35(34):9255-68 [PMID: 25128375]
  410. Nat Nanotechnol. 2011 Jun 26;6(7):418-22 [PMID: 21706024]
  411. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2017 Nov 14;14(1):115 [PMID: 29137639]
  412. Nat Nanotechnol. 2015 Jun;10(6):554-62 [PMID: 25984833]
  413. ACS Nano. 2017 Jun 27;11(6):5598-5613 [PMID: 28514167]
  414. Structure. 2011 Oct 12;19(10):1356-69 [PMID: 22000509]
  415. ACS Nano. 2011 Apr 26;5(4):2447-57 [PMID: 21366271]
  416. Nano Lett. 2018 Feb 14;18(2):948-956 [PMID: 29278506]
  417. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Feb 21;114(8):1789-1794 [PMID: 28179565]
  418. Nanoscale. 2021 Jan 28;13(3):1529-1565 [PMID: 33432962]
  419. Nature. 1992 Mar 5;356(6364):60-3 [PMID: 1538782]
  420. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2013 Dec 26;5(24):13012-21 [PMID: 24309089]
  421. Adv Mater. 2024 Nov;36(48):e2410908 [PMID: 39401098]
  422. Nat Neurosci. 2015 Sep;18(9):1202-12 [PMID: 26308981]
  423. Channels (Austin). 2015;9(6):367-75 [PMID: 26556400]
  424. Nat Commun. 2017 Jun 06;8:15623 [PMID: 28585535]
  425. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif). 2018 Jun 12;11(1):101-126 [PMID: 29570360]
  426. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 2;107(5):1882-7 [PMID: 20133836]
  427. Nat Neurosci. 2020 Sep;23(9):1041-1043 [PMID: 31570863]
  428. Light Sci Appl. 2018 Dec 12;7:107 [PMID: 30564313]
  429. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2017 Jul 19;8(7):1510-1518 [PMID: 28375605]
  430. Biochemistry. 1980 May 27;19(11):2396-404 [PMID: 6770893]
  431. Nanomedicine. 2017 Nov;13(8):2605-2621 [PMID: 28756093]
  432. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Nov 19;110(47):E4510-9 [PMID: 24191047]
  433. Nat Nanotechnol. 2024 Apr;19(4):514-523 [PMID: 38212522]
  434. ACS Nano. 2013 May 28;7(5):4601-9 [PMID: 23614672]
  435. J Neural Eng. 2006 Mar;3(1):59-70 [PMID: 16510943]
  436. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2016 Jan;63(1):111-9 [PMID: 26087481]
  437. Nat Commun. 2012 Mar 13;3:736 [PMID: 22415827]
  438. Exp Physiol. 2011 Jan;96(1):40-50 [PMID: 21041318]
  439. Drug Discov Today. 2020 Feb;25(2):456-465 [PMID: 31783130]
  440. Physiol Rev. 2008 Jan;88(1):173-210 [PMID: 18195086]
  441. Elife. 2018 Apr 10;7: [PMID: 29633714]
  442. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2017 Jun;64(6):1199-1210 [PMID: 28113241]
  443. J Neuroinflammation. 2021 Jan 10;18(1):21 [PMID: 33423699]
  444. Adv Funct Mater. 2022 Feb 16;32(8): [PMID: 35603230]
  445. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 May 18;13(6):407-20 [PMID: 22595786]
  446. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002 Jun;113(6):767-91 [PMID: 12048038]
  447. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 3;108(18):7595-600 [PMID: 21504945]
  448. J Neural Eng. 2015 Oct;12(5):056009 [PMID: 26291321]
  449. Carbohydr Polym. 2019 Jan 15;204:190-201 [PMID: 30366531]
  450. J Biol Chem. 2004 Sep 3;279(36):37215-8 [PMID: 15231839]
  451. ACS Nano. 2015 Jun 23;9(6):6233-41 [PMID: 26034817]
  452. Chem Phys Rev. 2021 Jun;2(2):021301 [PMID: 34085055]
  453. Nanoscale. 2018 Aug 30;10(34):15904-15910 [PMID: 30106079]
  454. Nanoscale. 2020 Jun 18;12(23):12589-12601 [PMID: 32500913]
  455. J Neural Eng. 2010 Aug;7(4):046005 [PMID: 20551508]
  456. Nat Commun. 2020 Nov 24;11(1):5957 [PMID: 33235190]
  457. Nano Lett. 2017 Jun 14;17(6):3932-3939 [PMID: 28534411]
  458. Biomaterials. 2017 Jun;129:176-187 [PMID: 28343004]
  459. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2000 Apr;20(2):217-30 [PMID: 10696511]
  460. Nano Lett. 2019 Mar 13;19(3):1577-1586 [PMID: 30798604]
  461. J Neurophysiol. 2016 Sep 1;116(3):1012-23 [PMID: 27281749]
  462. J Neural Eng. 2019 Jun;16(3):035001 [PMID: 30736013]
  463. J Physiol Sci. 2016 Mar;66(2):143-55 [PMID: 26645885]
  464. Front Neuroeng. 2010 May 06;3:5 [PMID: 20485478]
  465. ACS Nano. 2023 Jan 11;: [PMID: 36629747]
  466. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2022;2: [PMID: 37933248]
  467. Sci Rep. 2020 Mar 9;10(1):4279 [PMID: 32152369]
  468. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 Jun;2(6):387-96 [PMID: 11389472]
  469. Nanotechnology. 2022 Sep 21;33(49): [PMID: 35947922]
  470. ACS Nano. 2020 Mar 24;14(3):2659-2677 [PMID: 32078291]
  471. Bioconjug Chem. 2017 Jan 18;28(1):115-123 [PMID: 27982578]
  472. Neuroimage. 2020 Oct 1;219:116995 [PMID: 32480036]
  473. Schizophr Res. 2023 Feb;252:198-205 [PMID: 36657364]
  474. ACS Nano. 2012 Mar 27;6(3):2041-55 [PMID: 22339712]
  475. J Neural Eng. 2024 Jul 31;21(4): [PMID: 38885679]
  476. Pflugers Arch. 2018 Jan;470(1):113-123 [PMID: 28889250]
  477. ACS Nano. 2024 Jul 2;18(26):16853-16866 [PMID: 38896491]
  478. J Am Chem Soc. 2014 Jan 15;136(2):713-24 [PMID: 24354436]
  479. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2025 Jan 31;PP: [PMID: 40031243]
  480. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009 Jul;10(7):530-40 [PMID: 19543222]
  481. Science. 1991 May 31;252(5010):1290-3 [PMID: 1925540]
  482. Chemphyschem. 2010 Feb 22;11(3):730-5 [PMID: 20135668]
  483. Chem Soc Rev. 2019 Mar 18;48(6):1566-1595 [PMID: 30519703]
  484. Cell. 2011 Dec 23;147(7):1446-57 [PMID: 22196724]
  485. Neuroscientist. 2021 Apr;27(2):129-142 [PMID: 32648527]
  486. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Mar 7;114(10):E1866-E1874 [PMID: 28223521]
  487. Science. 2002 Jul 26;297(5581):593-6 [PMID: 12142535]
  488. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019 Feb 26;13:53 [PMID: 30863283]
  489. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021 Dec 1;13(47):55840-55850 [PMID: 34792341]
  490. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2023 Jun 8;25:185-205 [PMID: 37289556]
  491. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013 Oct 29;7:193 [PMID: 24194698]
  492. Adv Mater. 2020 Jan;32(4):e1905399 [PMID: 31803996]
  493. Nano Lett. 2004 Mar;4(3):507-511 [PMID: 21394241]
  494. Nano Lett. 2016 Nov 9;16(11):7163-7168 [PMID: 27736070]
  495. J Comp Neurol. 2009 Apr 10;513(5):532-41 [PMID: 19226510]
  496. Science. 2010 Oct 1;330(6000):55-60 [PMID: 20813920]
  497. Nat Commun. 2021 May 19;12(1):2941 [PMID: 34011929]
  498. Front Neurorobot. 2022 Oct 11;16:953968 [PMID: 36304780]
  499. Development. 2019 Apr 16;146(8): [PMID: 30992274]
  500. Small. 2022 Jun;18(22):e2200053 [PMID: 35527345]
  501. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Feb 1;119(5): [PMID: 35074874]
  502. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2021 Jun;22(6):345-358 [PMID: 33837376]
  503. J Comput Neurosci. 2016 Oct;41(2):185-92 [PMID: 27342462]
  504. Sci Transl Med. 2014 Feb 5;6(222):222ra19 [PMID: 24500407]
  505. Acta Biomater. 2017 Aug;58:365-375 [PMID: 28578108]
  506. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016 May;36(5):862-90 [PMID: 26868179]
  507. J Neurophysiol. 2001 Apr;85(4):1351-6 [PMID: 11287459]
  508. ACS Nano. 2023 Mar 28;17(6):5211-5295 [PMID: 36892156]
  509. Nat Nanotechnol. 2013 Feb;8(2):83-94 [PMID: 23380931]
  510. Biomater Sci. 2018 Jan 30;6(2):388-397 [PMID: 29336451]
  511. Brain Stimul. 2017 Nov - Dec;10(6):1024-1031 [PMID: 28789857]
  512. Magn Reson Med. 1995 Oct;34(4):537-41 [PMID: 8524021]
  513. J Neural Eng. 2011 Apr;8(2):025027 [PMID: 21436513]
  514. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018 Aug;13(8):755-764 [PMID: 29892019]
  515. J Neural Eng. 2014 Jun;11(3):036013 [PMID: 24810149]
  516. Adv Healthc Mater. 2017 Jun;6(12): [PMID: 28371490]
  517. Nanoscale Adv. 2020 Jul 14;2(11):5192-5200 [PMID: 36132017]
  518. Nano Lett. 2018 Aug 8;18(8):4796-4802 [PMID: 30001138]
  519. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020 Jan;20(1):26-41 [PMID: 31601988]
  520. Nano Lett. 2009 Jan;9(1):264-8 [PMID: 19143503]
  521. RSC Adv. 2019 Apr 9;9(20):11194-11201 [PMID: 35520244]
  522. Science. 2015 Oct 16;350(6258):313-6 [PMID: 26472906]
  523. Biomaterials. 2022 Jun;285:121531 [PMID: 35533441]
  524. Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 10;5:16533 [PMID: 26552717]
  525. Sci Rep. 2020 Jun 17;10(1):9766 [PMID: 32555384]
  526. J Drug Target. 2011 Feb;19(2):125-32 [PMID: 20387992]
  527. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2005 Apr 27;135(1-2):162-8 [PMID: 15857679]
  528. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2018 Dec;23(8):1185-1204 [PMID: 30097748]
  529. ACS Nano. 2014 May 27;8(5):4621-9 [PMID: 24708312]
  530. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999 Nov;110(11):1842-57 [PMID: 10576479]
  531. Drug Discov Today. 2016 Sep;21(9):1553-1560 [PMID: 27371506]
  532. ACS Nano. 2020 Jul 28;14(7):8392-8408 [PMID: 32551496]
  533. ACS Nano. 2012 Apr 24;6(4):3304-10 [PMID: 22443607]
  534. Analyst. 2016 Jan 7;141(1):279-84 [PMID: 26588673]
  535. Nano Lett. 2012 Sep 12;12(9):4763-9 [PMID: 22845691]
  536. ACS Omega. 2019 Nov 12;4(22):19863-19874 [PMID: 31788619]
  537. ACS Nano. 2020 Jan 28;14(1):28-117 [PMID: 31478375]
  538. Nat Protoc. 2021 Jun;16(6):3026-3048 [PMID: 34021297]
  539. Brain Stimul. 2020 May - Jun;13(3):717-750 [PMID: 32289703]
  540. Neurotoxicology. 2018 Sep;68:115-125 [PMID: 30031109]
  541. ACS Nano. 2022 Feb 22;16(2):2292-2305 [PMID: 35098714]
  542. Biophys J. 2007 May 1;92(9):3122-9 [PMID: 17307820]
  543. Cell. 2022 Mar 31;185(7):1240-1256.e30 [PMID: 35305313]
  544. Brain. 2000 Mar;123 Pt 3:620-40 [PMID: 10686183]
  545. ACS Nano. 2020 Jul 28;14(7):7714-7721 [PMID: 32631053]
  546. Cell Calcium. 2006 Nov-Dec;40(5-6):423-39 [PMID: 17067670]
  547. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018 Aug 03;12:236 [PMID: 30123113]
  548. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2022 Apr;23(4):204-214 [PMID: 35260845]
  549. Nano Lett. 2012 Nov 14;12(11):5815-20 [PMID: 23030066]
  550. RSC Adv. 2018 Aug 6;8(49):28048-28085 [PMID: 35542749]
  551. Nature. 2012 May 16;485(7398):372-5 [PMID: 22596161]
  552. J Phys Condens Matter. 2018 Nov 21;30(46):464001 [PMID: 30277220]
  553. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012 Jul 25;4(7):3542-9 [PMID: 22724437]
  554. Nat Mater. 2009 Apr;8(4):331-6 [PMID: 19234444]
  555. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Jun 20;50(26):5808-29 [PMID: 21626614]
  556. Front Neuroeng. 2012 May 04;5:8 [PMID: 22586394]
  557. J Neural Eng. 2018 Dec;15(6):061001 [PMID: 30324918]
  558. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Jun 25;8:496 [PMID: 32676502]
  559. Sci Rep. 2020 Oct 5;10(1):16488 [PMID: 33020493]
  560. Eur Biophys J. 2001;29(8):607-20 [PMID: 11288836]
  561. Nano Lett. 2005 Feb;5(2):331-8 [PMID: 15794621]
  562. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56673 [PMID: 23431387]
  563. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Feb;22(1):18-23 [PMID: 22104761]
  564. Adv Funct Mater. 2018 Mar 21;28(12): [PMID: 29805350]
  565. Chem Soc Rev. 2015 Mar 21;44(6):1680-713 [PMID: 25335878]
  566. Nanoscale. 2015 Jan 28;7(4):1403-10 [PMID: 25503253]
  567. Arch Toxicol. 2022 May;96(5):1141-1212 [PMID: 35278105]
  568. Nature. 1997 Jun 12;387(6634):667-8 [PMID: 9192889]
  569. Adv Mater. 2016 Feb 24;28(8):1559-66 [PMID: 26676965]
  570. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Apr 6;118(14): [PMID: 33795516]
  571. Ophthalmol Retina. 2022 Oct;6(10):899-905 [PMID: 35436597]
  572. Biomater Sci. 2022 Sep 27;10(19):5719-5730 [PMID: 36039696]
  573. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jan 21;21(3): [PMID: 31973095]
  574. ACS Nano. 2012 Nov 27;6(11):10013-23 [PMID: 23075136]
  575. Adv Mater. 2022 Jan;34(1):e2105923 [PMID: 34677879]
  576. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014 Oct;11(10):1635-46 [PMID: 24986772]
  577. Front Psychol. 2016 Nov 08;7:1752 [PMID: 27877152]
  578. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2019 Jul;2019:5909-5912 [PMID: 31947194]
  579. Acta Neuropathol. 1970;16(2):117-24 [PMID: 4097399]
  580. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022 Sep 8;20(1):406 [PMID: 36076230]
  581. Adv Mater. 2018 Jul;30(30):e1801291 [PMID: 29882255]
  582. Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 11;12(1):211 [PMID: 33431878]
  583. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2008;1:115-42 [PMID: 19946565]
  584. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Jun 11;15:690147 [PMID: 34177468]
  585. J Neurophysiol. 2010 Jul;104(1):559-68 [PMID: 20427620]
  586. Micromachines (Basel). 2021 Aug 20;12(8): [PMID: 34442613]
  587. Phys Rev Lett. 2020 Dec 4;125(23):234502 [PMID: 33337190]
  588. Adv Mater. 2020 Mar;32(9):e1903862 [PMID: 31944430]
  589. Ultramicroscopy. 2008 May;108(6):552-7 [PMID: 17933465]
  590. Nanoscale. 2023 May 4;15(17):7737-7744 [PMID: 37066984]
  591. Science. 2015 Mar 27;347(6229):1477-80 [PMID: 25765068]
  592. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2013 May;8(5):715-23 [PMID: 23075338]
  593. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021 Dec 13;7(12):5363-5396 [PMID: 34747591]
  594. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Dec 21;15(1): [PMID: 35056060]
  595. J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Jun 13;129(23):7228-9 [PMID: 17516647]
  596. Neuron. 2008 Nov 26;60(4):683-97 [PMID: 19038224]
  597. Mol Psychiatry. 2021 Jul;26(7):2753-2763 [PMID: 33767349]
  598. Nat Nanotechnol. 2013 Dec;8(12):959-68 [PMID: 24270641]
  599. Nat Methods. 2005 Aug;2(8):599-605 [PMID: 16094385]
  600. Trends Neurosci. 2022 Mar;45(3):176-183 [PMID: 35078639]
  601. J Mol Neurosci. 2000 Jun;14(3):175-82 [PMID: 10984193]
  602. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Nov 6;351(1):33-6 [PMID: 14550907]
  603. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2004 Jun;51(6):966-70 [PMID: 15188865]
  604. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Nov 12;116(46):23143-23151 [PMID: 31591250]
  605. Nature. 2005 Jun 30;435(7046):1214-7 [PMID: 15988521]
  606. Phys Rev Lett. 1995 Aug 21;75(8):1670-1673 [PMID: 10060356]
  607. ACS Nano. 2015 Dec 22;9(12):11667-77 [PMID: 26554425]
  608. Biomaterials. 2017 Oct;142:136-148 [PMID: 28735174]
  609. Phys Rev Lett. 1992 Mar 9;68(10):1579-1581 [PMID: 10045167]
  610. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 1998;27:77-103 [PMID: 9646863]
  611. Acc Chem Res. 2019 Sep 17;52(9):2462-2471 [PMID: 31465200]
  612. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 27;11(1):17306 [PMID: 34453063]
  613. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2021 Dec 20;4(12):8424-8432 [PMID: 35005947]
  614. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1979 Feb;46(2):138-46 [PMID: 86421]
  615. Sci STKE. 2005 Feb 22;2005(272):re3 [PMID: 15728426]
  616. Nature. 2023 Jun;618(7963):126-133 [PMID: 37225984]
  617. Sci Adv. 2019 Dec 18;5(12):eaay3771 [PMID: 31897432]
  618. Nat Neurosci. 2011 Nov 13;14(12):1599-605 [PMID: 22081157]
  619. PLoS One. 2013 Aug 12;8(8):e73621 [PMID: 23951361]
  620. Cancer Cell. 2022 Jun 13;40(6):639-655.e13 [PMID: 35700707]
  621. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2017;10:136-161 [PMID: 28328511]
  622. Nat Methods. 2021 Apr;18(4):417-425 [PMID: 33820987]
  623. ACS Nano. 2013 Mar 26;7(3):1850-66 [PMID: 23514423]
  624. Ann Biomed Eng. 2020 Apr;48(4):1256-1270 [PMID: 31916126]
  625. Science. 1996 Nov 15;274(5290):1123-33 [PMID: 8895455]
  626. Pflugers Arch. 1981 Aug;391(2):85-100 [PMID: 6270629]
  627. Nano Lett. 2013 Jun 12;13(6):2399-406 [PMID: 23659603]
  628. Nat Neurosci. 2016 May;19(5):756-761 [PMID: 26950006]
  629. Theranostics. 2024 Jan 1;14(1):324-340 [PMID: 38164157]
  630. ACS Nano. 2020 Jul 28;14(7):8036-8045 [PMID: 32559057]
  631. Prog Neurobiol. 2021 Dec;207:101887 [PMID: 32745500]
  632. Front Neurosci. 2022 Mar 02;16:837623 [PMID: 35310088]
  633. Tissue Barriers. 2015 Dec 15;4(1):e1129476 [PMID: 27141418]
  634. ACS Nano. 2011 Mar 22;5(3):1657-69 [PMID: 21344890]
  635. Anal Chem. 2024 Apr 23;96(16):6097-6105 [PMID: 38597398]
  636. Cell Rep. 2018 Jul 31;24(5):1243-1253.e5 [PMID: 30067979]
  637. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2018 Jun;50:222-231 [PMID: 29674264]
  638. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2015;10(13):2051-61 [PMID: 25953069]
  639. J Phys Condens Matter. 2015 Mar 18;27(10):103102 [PMID: 25679044]
  640. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Jan 19;118(3): [PMID: 33452135]
  641. J Neural Eng. 2013 Feb;10(1):016009 [PMID: 23283391]
  642. Curr Biol. 2016 Feb 8;26(3):371-6 [PMID: 26832438]
  643. Light Sci Appl. 2023 May 24;12(1):127 [PMID: 37225682]
  644. Nano Lett. 2005 Jun;5(6):1107-10 [PMID: 15943451]
  645. J Mater Chem B. 2015 Oct 28;3(40):7950-7962 [PMID: 32262903]
  646. Nano Lett. 2023 Jul 12;23(13):5877-5885 [PMID: 37040490]
  647. Adv Mater. 2019 Oct;31(41):e1803474 [PMID: 31432555]
  648. Front Neurosci. 2016 Mar 07;10:69 [PMID: 27013938]
  649. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020 Dec 23;12(51):57330-57342 [PMID: 33306363]
  650. Nanoscale. 2019 Nov 28;11(44):21227-21248 [PMID: 31663592]
  651. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019 Aug 7;11(31):28125-28137 [PMID: 31356041]
  652. Science. 1977 Apr 22;196(4288):426-8 [PMID: 850785]
  653. C R Biol. 2014 Mar;337(3):214-22 [PMID: 24702848]
  654. Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 23;10(1):15501 [PMID: 32968177]
  655. Nano Lett. 2019 Sep 11;19(9):5975-5981 [PMID: 31398051]
  656. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44040 [PMID: 22957042]
  657. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Jan 25;119(4): [PMID: 35042795]
  658. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2004 Oct 15;362(1823):2065-98 [PMID: 15370472]
  659. Front Neurosci. 2019 Mar 29;13:112 [PMID: 30983948]
  660. Neurobiol Dis. 2015 Nov;83:172-9 [PMID: 25489973]
  661. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Jun 16;117(24):13339-13349 [PMID: 32482882]
  662. ACS Nano. 2019 May 28;13(5):5785-5798 [PMID: 30990673]
  663. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013 Dec;65(15):2034-44 [PMID: 23856411]
  664. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 10;100(12):7319-24 [PMID: 12777621]
  665. Front Neurosci. 2019 Apr 30;13:367 [PMID: 31114470]
  666. Biophys J. 2002 Jun;82(6):3056-62 [PMID: 12023228]
  667. Cell Rep. 2023 Jun 27;42(6):112554 [PMID: 37235473]
  668. Front Syst Neurosci. 2016 Sep 02;10:74 [PMID: 27642278]
  669. Brain Stimul. 2013 Nov;6(6):898-904 [PMID: 23827648]
  670. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:151-88 [PMID: 12052907]
  671. Langmuir. 2009 Mar 3;25(5):3232-9 [PMID: 19437725]
  672. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2011 Apr;22(2):133-9, vii [PMID: 21435566]
  673. ACS Nano. 2016 Jan 26;10(1):1060-6 [PMID: 26736013]
  674. Neuromodulation. 2023 Dec;26(8):1757-1771 [PMID: 36707292]
  675. J Neurosci Methods. 2002 Oct 15;120(1):17-23 [PMID: 12351203]
  676. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2021;362:1-53 [PMID: 34253292]
  677. ACS Nano. 2017 Aug 22;11(8):8320-8328 [PMID: 28682058]
  678. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 24;107(34):15246-51 [PMID: 20696904]
  679. Neuron. 2020 Jan 22;105(2):310-321.e3 [PMID: 31761710]
  680. Sci Rep. 2015 Mar 02;5:8644 [PMID: 25728549]
  681. Nat Neurosci. 2020 Sep;23(9):1044-1046 [PMID: 31570861]
  682. Nano Lett. 2010 Oct 13;10(10):4020-4 [PMID: 20815404]
  683. Nat Nanotechnol. 2015 Nov;10(11):924-36 [PMID: 26530022]
  684. Biointerphases. 2017 Jul 13;12(3):031002 [PMID: 28704999]
  685. Bioelectron Med. 2018 Aug 06;4:10 [PMID: 32232086]
  686. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Jun 28;119(26):e2117083119 [PMID: 35737841]
  687. Nat Commun. 2018 Jan 15;9(1):231 [PMID: 29335450]
  688. Nature. 2022 Nov;611(7936):540-547 [PMID: 36352232]
  689. Science. 2021 Aug 27;373(6558):1022-1026 [PMID: 34446604]
  690. J Lab Autom. 2016 Dec;21(6):779-793 [PMID: 26702021]
  691. Nature. 2001 Jul 12;412(6843):150-7 [PMID: 11449264]
  692. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015 Sep 2;7(34):18944-8 [PMID: 26262507]
  693. Sci Adv. 2022 Apr 8;8(14):eabm7851 [PMID: 35385298]
  694. Cereb Cortex. 2022 Apr 20;32(9):1866-1881 [PMID: 34535794]
  695. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016 Apr 1;99(Pt A):28-51 [PMID: 26456916]
  696. Sci Adv. 2019 Aug 23;5(8):eaax0729 [PMID: 31467978]
  697. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 15;108(46):18837-42 [PMID: 22065785]
  698. Small. 2006 Jun;2(6):741-3 [PMID: 17193115]
  699. Nat Neurosci. 2020 Sep;23(9):1047-1050 [PMID: 31570862]
  700. Biomater Sci. 2020 May 6;8(9):2434-2446 [PMID: 32319455]
  701. Biomacromolecules. 2021 Jul 12;22(7):3084-3098 [PMID: 34151565]
  702. J Biol Chem. 2011 Jan 14;286(2):1181-8 [PMID: 21030594]
  703. Nanoscale. 2021 Dec 23;14(1):108-126 [PMID: 34897360]
  704. Biomed Mater Eng. 2015;26 Suppl 1:S189-95 [PMID: 26405961]
  705. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2017 Feb 1;2017(2): [PMID: 28148854]
  706. Nat Nanotechnol. 2015 Jan;10(1):25-34 [PMID: 25559968]
  707. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016 Nov;44(7):1609-14 [PMID: 26758969]
  708. Commun Biol. 2021 Jun 30;4(1):821 [PMID: 34193947]
  709. Sci Adv. 2017 Feb 15;3(2):e1601966 [PMID: 28246640]
  710. Nat Commun. 2018 Mar 6;9(1):786 [PMID: 29511183]
  711. J Neurosci. 2011 Mar 30;31(13):5067-77 [PMID: 21451044]
  712. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2020 Feb;53(1):87-102 [PMID: 31677740]
  713. Small. 2019 Nov;15(47):e1904819 [PMID: 31599099]
  714. Chem Rev. 2021 Oct 13;121(19):11971-12015 [PMID: 33752325]
  715. Nat Nanotechnol. 2022 Mar;17(3):301-309 [PMID: 34937934]
  716. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014 Jul 23;6(14):11265-76 [PMID: 24911660]
  717. Front Neurosci. 2020 Aug 31;14:926 [PMID: 32982683]
  718. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2020 Jul 20;3(7):4388-4397 [PMID: 35025437]
  719. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020 Dec 16;11(24):4024-4047 [PMID: 33285063]
  720. Acta Biomater. 2020 Jul 15;111:349-362 [PMID: 32413579]
  721. Front Neuroeng. 2010 May 28;3:6 [PMID: 20577628]
  722. Biomaterials. 2005 Jun;26(17):3511-9 [PMID: 15621241]
  723. J Neural Eng. 2015 Aug;12(4):046009 [PMID: 26035638]
  724. Cell Calcium. 2006 Nov-Dec;40(5-6):405-12 [PMID: 17030366]
  725. Biomaterials. 2021 Dec;279:121230 [PMID: 34736153]
  726. Langmuir. 2004 Aug 17;20(17):7189-200 [PMID: 15301505]
  727. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018 Nov;13(11):1048-1056 [PMID: 30104619]
  728. J Neurosci Methods. 2007 Jul 30;163(2):326-37 [PMID: 17537515]
  729. Sci Rep. 2023 Apr 11;13(1):5909 [PMID: 37041255]
  730. Nat Nanotechnol. 2008 Jul;3(7):434-9 [PMID: 18654569]
  731. Chem Rev. 2022 Mar 9;122(5):5068-5143 [PMID: 34962131]
  732. Nat Nanotechnol. 2017 Mar;12(3):238-243 [PMID: 27870840]
  733. Nat Biomed Eng. 2020 Dec;4(12):1159-1167 [PMID: 33273713]
  734. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019 Mar;8(6):e1801132 [PMID: 30633858]
  735. Front Comput Neurosci. 2013 Oct 21;7:137 [PMID: 24187539]
  736. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jun 12;115(24):6201-6206 [PMID: 29793939]
  737. Phys Med Biol. 2017 May 7;62(9):3483-3500 [PMID: 28032621]
  738. Adv Funct Mater. 2017 Jan 19;27(3): [PMID: 28626362]
  739. Adv Funct Mater. 2018 Mar 21;28(12): [PMID: 29805350]
  740. Biosens Bioelectron. 2020 Dec 15;170:112645 [PMID: 33010703]
  741. Nat Commun. 2019 Aug 8;10(1):3561 [PMID: 31395892]
  742. J Control Release. 2015 May 28;206:49-57 [PMID: 25724273]
  743. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol. 2010 May;9(3):269-280 [PMID: 21785576]
  744. Nature. 2021 Jun;594(7864):535-540 [PMID: 34163056]
  745. Adv Healthc Mater. 2012 Mar;1(2):172-6 [PMID: 23184720]
  746. Carbohydr Polym. 2017 Oct 15;174:830-840 [PMID: 28821138]
  747. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020 Aug;21(8):416-432 [PMID: 32636528]
  748. J Med Internet Res. 2019 Oct 31;21(10):e16194 [PMID: 31642810]
  749. J Phys Chem B. 2005 Aug 4;109(30):14257-61 [PMID: 16852790]
  750. Nano Lett. 2015 Oct 14;15(10):6848-54 [PMID: 26414396]
  751. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 13;8(6):e66170 [PMID: 23785482]
  752. Biomaterials. 2015 Oct;67:346-53 [PMID: 26232883]
  753. J Neural Eng. 2014 Aug;11(4):046014 [PMID: 24963747]
  754. Nat Nanotechnol. 2024 Sep;19(9):1333-1343 [PMID: 38956320]
  755. J Clin Invest. 2003 Jul;112(1):4-9 [PMID: 12840051]
  756. Chem Mater. 2015 Nov 10;27(21):7380-7387 [PMID: 31105383]
  757. Elife. 2016 Aug 16;5: [PMID: 27529126]
  758. ACS Nano. 2014 Sep 23;8(9):8794-801 [PMID: 24911046]
  759. Microsyst Nanoeng. 2019 Jul 15;5:28 [PMID: 31636922]
  760. Biomaterials. 2022 Nov;290:121825 [PMID: 36326509]
  761. Brain Res. 1995 Dec 12;703(1-2):175-83 [PMID: 8719630]
  762. Nat Commun. 2020 May 18;11(1):2464 [PMID: 32424147]
  763. Chemosphere. 2021 Aug;276:130015 [PMID: 33690035]
  764. Front Neurosci. 2018 Sep 19;12:648 [PMID: 30283296]
  765. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2181 [PMID: 23867868]
  766. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2016 Mar;63(3):581-7 [PMID: 26276980]
  767. Nano Lett. 2022 Sep 28;22(18):7415-7422 [PMID: 36069378]
  768. Science. 2018 Jun 29;360(6396): [PMID: 29853555]
  769. ACS Nano. 2017 Dec 26;11(12):11898-11907 [PMID: 29064662]
  770. Nano Lett. 2022 Nov 9;22(21):8633-8640 [PMID: 36301701]
  771. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Jan;12(3):e2408602 [PMID: 39588825]
  772. Nat Neurosci. 2017 Feb 23;20(3):304-313 [PMID: 28230848]
  773. Curr Opin Chem Eng. 2020 Dec;30:42-52 [PMID: 32905326]
  774. ACS Nano. 2018 Aug 28;12(8):8723-8732 [PMID: 30107729]
  775. Sci Adv. 2022 Aug 19;8(33):eabq5031 [PMID: 35977026]
  776. Nano Lett. 2007 Feb;7(2):513-9 [PMID: 17298018]
  777. Nat Mater. 2007 Sep;6(9):673-9 [PMID: 17643105]
  778. Adv Mater. 2023 Nov;35(44):e2304122 [PMID: 37434421]
  779. Macromol Biosci. 2015 Dec;15(12):1687-97 [PMID: 26198385]
  780. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2000 Aug;47(8):1106-13 [PMID: 10943060]
  781. J Drug Target. 2002 Jun;10(4):317-25 [PMID: 12164380]
  782. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2021 Jan;16(1):1-5 [PMID: 32646308]
  783. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023 May 26;10(6): [PMID: 37370578]
  784. Life Sci Alliance. 2019 Jun 27;2(4): [PMID: 31249133]
  785. BMC Biol. 2021 Oct 18;19(1):227 [PMID: 34663304]
  786. Chem Commun (Camb). 2020 Aug 19;56(66):9445-9448 [PMID: 32761019]
  787. Science. 2018 Jun 1;360(6392):998-1003 [PMID: 29853682]
  788. J Control Release. 2020 Dec 10;328:679-695 [PMID: 32979453]
  789. Biophys J. 2020 Dec 1;119(11):2153-2165 [PMID: 33130118]
  790. Anal Chem. 2015 Sep 1;87(17):8618-22 [PMID: 26274576]
  791. Nature. 1993 Jun 10;363(6429):554-8 [PMID: 8505984]
  792. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2019 Jun 3;16(1):22 [PMID: 31159811]
  793. Neurotoxicology. 2010 Aug;31(4):331-50 [PMID: 20399226]
  794. Dev Neurobiol. 2008 May;68(6):760-70 [PMID: 18383540]
  795. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017 Oct;409(25):5855-5874 [PMID: 28710516]
  796. Nanoscale Horiz. 2016 May 25;1(3):168-184 [PMID: 32260620]
  797. Nature. 2021 Mar;591(7850):426-430 [PMID: 33473212]
  798. Adv Healthc Mater. 2013 Jul;2(7):929-33 [PMID: 23300024]
  799. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1973 Jul-Aug;82(4):504-17 [PMID: 4721186]
  800. J Neural Eng. 2020 Jan 24;17(1):016036 [PMID: 31731284]
  801. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019 Jan;8(1):e1801233 [PMID: 30536962]
  802. Neuron. 2022 Apr 6;110(7):1258-1270.e11 [PMID: 35085492]
  803. Adv Mater. 2019 Mar;31(12):e1806788 [PMID: 30680803]
  804. Small. 2016 Mar 2;12(9):1148-52 [PMID: 26395860]
  805. ACS Nano. 2020 Oct 27;14(10):13091-13102 [PMID: 33058673]
  806. Science. 2018 Feb 9;359(6376):633-634 [PMID: 29439227]
  807. Nanoscale Horiz. 2020 Mar 1;5(3):400-430 [PMID: 32118219]
  808. Biomed Microdevices. 2010 Oct;12(5):797-807 [PMID: 20480240]
  809. Mater Today Bio. 2023 Jun 16;21:100706 [PMID: 37435551]
  810. J Neural Eng. 2021 Nov 19;18(6): [PMID: 34736225]
  811. Front Neurosci. 2020 Jun 24;14:666 [PMID: 32670014]
  812. Nat Mater. 2020 Sep;19(9):969-973 [PMID: 32541935]
  813. Sci Transl Med. 2013 Nov 6;5(210):210ps17 [PMID: 24197734]
  814. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2022 Apr 25;61(18):e202112372 [PMID: 34978752]
  815. Nat Commun. 2014 Oct 20;5:5258 [PMID: 25327513]
  816. Ann Biomed Eng. 1992;20(4):413-22 [PMID: 1510293]
  817. ACS Nano. 2022 Jun 28;16(6):9691-9700 [PMID: 35587990]
  818. ACS Nano. 2020 Dec 22;14(12):16565-16575 [PMID: 33025785]
  819. J Control Release. 2016 Aug 10;235:34-47 [PMID: 27208862]
  820. Nano Lett. 2012 Aug 8;12(8):3881-6 [PMID: 22166016]
  821. Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2395-8 [PMID: 12089443]
  822. J Mater Chem B. 2016 Nov 21;4(43):6930-6941 [PMID: 32263560]
  823. ACS Nano. 2013 Oct 22;7(10):8990-9000 [PMID: 24016039]
  824. Science. 2012 Sep 21;337(6101):1517-21 [PMID: 22997333]
  825. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Feb 16;11(2): [PMID: 33669404]
  826. Front Neurosci. 2016 Apr 18;10:151 [PMID: 27147944]
  827. ACS Nano. 2013 Aug 27;7(8):7200-6 [PMID: 23869772]
  828. Biophys Rev. 2022 Apr 13;14(2):569-577 [PMID: 35528029]
  829. Front Neuroeng. 2009 Apr 20;2:4 [PMID: 19430595]
  830. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Jan-Feb;21(1):6-17 [PMID: 15097290]
  831. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 2;81:275-283 [PMID: 28935586]
  832. iScience. 2020 Aug 18;23(9):101469 [PMID: 33083757]
  833. J Neural Eng. 2011 Dec;8(6):066013 [PMID: 22064890]
  834. Pharmaceutics. 2020 May 25;12(5): [PMID: 32466284]
  835. Handb Clin Neurol. 2020;168:289-302 [PMID: 32164860]
  836. Biomaterials. 2011 Aug;32(24):5551-7 [PMID: 21601278]
  837. Magn Reson Med. 1990 Oct;16(1):9-18 [PMID: 2255240]
  838. Acc Chem Res. 2018 Mar 20;51(3):600-608 [PMID: 29437381]
  839. Nano Lett. 2016 Dec 14;16(12):7731-7738 [PMID: 27802387]
  840. Front Chem. 2019 Apr 24;7:273 [PMID: 31069217]
  841. ACS Nano. 2014 Jul 22;8(7):6713-23 [PMID: 24963873]
  842. Front Neuroeng. 2013 Jul 24;6:6 [PMID: 23898266]
  843. Phys Med Biol. 2009 Mar 7;54(5):L1-L10 [PMID: 19204385]
  844. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2019 Aug;66(8):2402-2412 [PMID: 30605086]
  845. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Sep 13;108(37):15414-9 [PMID: 21825165]
  846. ACS Nano. 2021 Sep 28;15(9):14662-14671 [PMID: 34431659]
  847. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013 Mar 25;52(13):3584-600 [PMID: 23450698]
  848. Small. 2014 Jul 9;10(13):2516-29 [PMID: 24687857]
  849. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021 Jun;10(11):e2100061 [PMID: 33970552]
  850. Nat Nanotechnol. 2015 Jul;10(7):629-636 [PMID: 26053995]
  851. J Neural Eng. 2015 Feb;12(1):016008 [PMID: 25485675]
  852. Sci Rep. 2015 Oct 07;5:14807 [PMID: 26443033]
  853. Cereb Cortex. 2022 Dec 15;33(1):23-34 [PMID: 35203089]
  854. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2007 Sep;18(9):1745-52 [PMID: 17483885]
  855. Nat Neurosci. 2024 May;27(5):927-939 [PMID: 38570661]
  856. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 May 11;17(1):155 [PMID: 32393376]
  857. Sci Adv. 2023 Jun 9;9(23):eadf9524 [PMID: 37285436]
  858. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2015 Sep 28;54(40):11725-9 [PMID: 26249533]
  859. Neuroimage. 2021 Jan 15;225:117467 [PMID: 33075556]
  860. J Am Chem Soc. 2023 Mar 8;145(9):5474-5485 [PMID: 36812073]
  861. J Neural Eng. 2013 Apr;10(2):026012 [PMID: 23429035]
  862. Nature. 2022 Jun;606(7912):94-101 [PMID: 35650358]
  863. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2016 Oct;11(19):2471-81 [PMID: 27622305]
  864. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 16;101(46):16104-8 [PMID: 15534228]
  865. Opt Lett. 2008 May 1;33(9):1032-4 [PMID: 18451977]
  866. Eye (Lond). 2012 Apr;26(4):501-9 [PMID: 22422033]
  867. ACS Nano. 2019 Mar 26;13(3):3373-3386 [PMID: 30681836]
  868. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Nov;20(11):1339-49 [PMID: 25687775]
  869. Adv Biosyst. 2019 May;3(5):e1800329 [PMID: 32627409]
  870. Lab Chip. 2009 Sep 21;9(18):2644-51 [PMID: 19704979]
  871. Microsyst Nanoeng. 2020 Oct 5;6:82 [PMID: 34567692]
  872. Nat Rev Bioeng. 2023 Mar;1(3):193-207 [PMID: 39221032]
  873. Nat Mater. 2015 May;14(5):532-9 [PMID: 25822693]
  874. Nano Lett. 2014 Jun 11;14(6):2994-3001 [PMID: 24754795]
  875. Neuron. 2006 Apr 6;50(1):23-33 [PMID: 16600853]

Grants

  1. R01 MH111872/NIMH NIH HHS
  2. R01 MH094730/NIMH NIH HHS
  3. R01 DA045550/NIDA NIH HHS
  4. R03 NS118156/NINDS NIH HHS
  5. R21 AT010933/NCCIH NIH HHS
  6. R61 MH135106/NIMH NIH HHS

MeSH Term

Nanotechnology
Humans
Brain
Brain-Computer Interfaces
Animals
Journal Article Review Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Article has an altmetric score of 20

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0braininterfacesinterfaceInterfacingavailablebrain-machinetechnologypartsageelectroniccontrolcomputerthusengineeredNanotechnologynanotechnologycomplementaryscienceartificialdeviceshumancentralgoalneurotechnologyYetimaginationsoftenlimitedcurrentlyparadigmstechnologiesSuggestionschangedtimealongMechanicalleverscablewinchesusedmovemechanicalSophisticatedwiringremotearisenultimatelyleadingplug-and-playNonethelessbrainscomplexvisionsrecentlylargelyremainedunreachabledreamsgeneralproblemfarmechanicallyand/orelectricallywhereaslivingdynamicentityresultworldsdifficultoneanotherencompassessolid-stateobjectsintegratedcircuitsexcelssmalllengthscalessinglehundrednanometersmatchessizesbiomoleculesbiomolecularassembliescellsConsequentlyenvisionnanomaterialsnanotoolsopportunitiesalternativewaysreviewexistingliteratureuselookforwarddiscussingperspectiveslimitationsbasedauthors'expertiseacrossrangedisciplines─fromneuroscienceengineeringphysicschemistrybiologymedicinemathematicssocialjurisprudencefocusalsoincludeinformationrelatedfieldsusefulBrain:CanContributeNanoneurobrain-on-a-chipbrain−machineionchannelsdeepstimulationelectrodearraysextracellularrecordingsnanostructuredneuro-implantsneuronalcommunication

Similar Articles

Cited By

No available data.