OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
Dec, 2025;21 (1): 2477954.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on influenza vaccination rates among healthcare workers and the general population in Saudi Arabia: A meta-analysis.

Salah Alshagrawi, Ahmed Hazazi
Author Information
  1. Salah Alshagrawi: College of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ORCID
  2. Ahmed Hazazi: College of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ORCID
PMID: 40068961 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2025.2477954

Abstract

We aim to identify how the seasonal IVRs have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies to statistically examine IVRs before and after the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population and HCWs in Saudi Arabia. The meta-regression analysis showed a significant correlation among the general population was observed between the IVR and the timing of the study, with a mean effect size estimate of 14.3 (95% CI = 5.7-22.9;  < .001). Among HCWs, no significant relationship was observed between the IVR and the timing of the study, with a mean effect size estimate of 6.7 (95% CI = -19.3-32.7;  = .5). COVID-19 might have contributed to a rise in IVR among HCWs, whereas the general population has seen a decline in IVR.

Keywords

COVID-19 Influenza vaccine healthcare workers meta-analysis vaccination rate vaccine hesitancy

References

  1. Vaccine. 2011 Sep 2;29(38):6472-84 [PMID: 21756960]
  2. J Hosp Infect. 2017 Jul;96(3):268-275 [PMID: 28283372]
  3. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Apr 13;10(4): [PMID: 35455354]
  4. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Jun 19;10(6): [PMID: 35746583]
  5. Vaccine. 2010 Jun 11;28(26):4283-7 [PMID: 20441803]
  6. Vaccine. 2015 Oct 13;33(42):5598-5605 [PMID: 26368399]
  7. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2023 Jan-Dec;22(1):777-784 [PMID: 37605528]
  8. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020 Nov 1;16(11):2586-2593 [PMID: 32693678]
  9. Vaccine. 2023 Jul 12;41(31):4554-4560 [PMID: 37328348]
  10. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022 Aug 30;15:1841-1849 [PMID: 36065346]
  11. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2023 Dec 31;19(1):2162301 [PMID: 36715009]
  12. Health Psychol. 2007 Mar;26(2):136-45 [PMID: 17385964]
  13. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022 May;9:100193 [PMID: 35136868]
  14. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct 27;63(3):E405-E414 [PMID: 36415296]
  15. PLoS One. 2022 Apr 4;17(4):e0266440 [PMID: 35377923]
  16. PLoS One. 2024 Aug 1;19(8):e0308524 [PMID: 39088562]
  17. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Nov 12;70(45):1575-1578 [PMID: 34758010]
  18. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(2):321-326 [PMID: 31526228]
  19. BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n71 [PMID: 33782057]
  20. Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Feb 03;11(2): [PMID: 36851230]
  21. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 01;2:CD001269 [PMID: 29388196]
  22. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Aug 18;10(8): [PMID: 36016229]
  23. Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Jun 05;11(6): [PMID: 37376455]
  24. PLoS Med. 2021 Mar 1;18(3):e1003550 [PMID: 33647033]
  25. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 May 31;10(6): [PMID: 35746492]
  26. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Aug;26(8):1933-1935 [PMID: 32339092]
  27. Vaccine. 2022 Mar 15;40(12):1775-1782 [PMID: 35168841]
  28. Vaccine X. 2019 Nov 02;3:100047 [PMID: 31867577]
  29. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021 May 4;17(5):1426-1431 [PMID: 33079626]
  30. Vaccine. 2010 Feb 17;28(7):1709-16 [PMID: 20045099]
  31. J Public Health Res. 2020 Sep 25;9(3):1856 [PMID: 33042898]
  32. Vaccine. 2015 Aug 14;33(34):4161-4 [PMID: 25896383]
  33. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021 Jul 3;17(7):2190-2196 [PMID: 33517830]
  34. Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Aug 30;9(9): [PMID: 34579208]
  35. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Mar 26;9(3):1331-1339 [PMID: 32509612]
  36. Vaccine. 2014 Oct 14;32(45):5957-61 [PMID: 25218193]
  37. Vaccine. 2009 Sep 4;27(40):5538-41 [PMID: 19651170]
  38. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 27;12(1):e0169023 [PMID: 28129326]
  39. J Infect Public Health. 2017 Sep - Oct;10(5):644-648 [PMID: 28545902]
  40. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(2):313-320 [PMID: 31424315]
  41. Saudi Med J. 2023 Nov;44(11):1132-1138 [PMID: 37926451]
  42. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2022 May;16(3):376-385 [PMID: 35122389]
  43. Saudi Pharm J. 2021 Feb;29(2):188-193 [PMID: 33679179]
  44. Front Public Health. 2023 Nov 06;11:1295464 [PMID: 38026311]
  45. PeerJ. 2022 Sep 28;10:e13959 [PMID: 36193439]
  46. Front Public Health. 2020 Aug 18;8:482 [PMID: 33014977]
  47. Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Dec;125:153-163 [PMID: 36328290]
  48. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 May 26;19(11): [PMID: 35682083]
  49. Inform Med Unlocked. 2021;27:100809 [PMID: 34869828]
  50. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26239 [PMID: 22028840]
  51. Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Jul 08;9(7): [PMID: 34358181]
  52. Vaccine. 2023 Feb 3;41(6):1239-1246 [PMID: 36639272]
  53. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2020 Oct 16;2020:7653745 [PMID: 33123302]
  54. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Feb 15;10(2): [PMID: 35214751]
  55. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021 Sep 15;14:2527-2536 [PMID: 34552331]
  56. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019 Apr 15;19(1):229 [PMID: 30992004]
  57. Ir J Med Sci. 2022 Apr;191(2):629-636 [PMID: 33987799]
  58. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Sep 30;8(9):2971-2974 [PMID: 31681677]
  59. J Infect Public Health. 2017 Nov - Dec;10(6):897-900 [PMID: 28473261]
  60. J Educ Health Promot. 2023 Jan 31;12:17 [PMID: 37034872]
  61. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 08;18(2): [PMID: 33435532]

MeSH Term

Humans
Saudi Arabia
COVID-19
Health Personnel
Influenza, Human
Influenza Vaccines
Vaccination
Cross-Sectional Studies
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

Chemicals

Influenza Vaccines
Journal Article Meta-Analysis Review

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0COVID-19amonggeneralpopulationIVRpandemicSaudimeta-analysisHCWsIVRsArabiasignificantobservedtimingstudymeaneffectsizeestimate95%7vaccinationhealthcareworkersvaccineaimidentifyseasonalimpactedconductedcross-sectionalstudiesstatisticallyexaminemeta-regressionanalysisshowedcorrelation143CI = 57-229<001Amongrelationship6CI = -193-32 = 5mightcontributedrisewhereasseendeclineImpactinfluenzaratesArabia:Influenzaratehesitancy

Similar Articles

Cited By