OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
BMC psychiatry
Mar 25, 2025;25 (1): 274.

Altered oral health and microbiota in drug-free patients with schizophrenia.

Huawei Huang, Naiyan Yang, Mian-Mian Chen, Xiaoting Chen, Wei Chen, Xiaoping Li, Yuchun Chen, Zhengang Deng, Wenbing Zhou, Shu-Xian Xu, Xin-Hui Xie
Author Information
  1. Huawei Huang: Department of Pharmacy, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China.
  2. Naiyan Yang: Department of Psychiatry, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China.
  3. Mian-Mian Chen: Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
  4. Xiaoting Chen: Department of Psychiatry, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China.
  5. Wei Chen: Department of Psychiatry, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China.
  6. Xiaoping Li: Department of Psychiatry, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China.
  7. Yuchun Chen: Department of Stomatology, Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China.
  8. Zhengang Deng: Department of Psychiatry, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China.
  9. Wenbing Zhou: Department of Psychiatry, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China.
  10. Shu-Xian Xu: Department of Psychiatry, Second People's Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou, China.
  11. Xin-Hui Xie: Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. xxh.med@gmail.com.
PMID: 40133801 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-025-06633-6

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The oral microbiota is associated with neuro-psychiatric disorders. However, there is presently inadequate comprehension regarding the correlation between schizophrenia and the oral microbiota. Moreover, patients with schizophrenia frequently exhibit poor oral health, potentially influencing research outcomes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate changes in the oral microbiota and oral health status in drug-free schizophrenia patients.
METHODS: Oral microbiota samples were collected from 50 drug-free patients with schizophrenia and 50 healthy controls (HCs). The downstream microbiota analysis was based on Illumina sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16 S rRNA gene.
RESULTS: The alpha diversity of SCZ group is increased, such as the Shannon index (p < 0.001) and Simpson index (p = 0.004), while the community structure also displays variance compared to the HC group (p < 0.001). Key discriminative taxa were found in LEfSe analysis, including the phyla Fusobacteriota, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota. The differential taxa and microbial functions showed a strong correlation with clinical oral conditions. Further analysis demonstrated that models based on the entire oral microbiota effectively distinguished SCZ patients from HC (AUC = 0.97).
CONCLUSIONS: The significant changes in the microbiota of Drug-free SCZ patients appear to be closely associated with the poor oral environment.

Keywords

16S rRNA sequencing Drug-free Oral health Oral microbiota Schizophrenia

References

  1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014 Nov 12;4:164 [PMID: 25429361]
  2. JAMA. 2013 Nov 27;310(20):2191-4 [PMID: 24141714]
  3. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2023 Apr;8(2):148-157 [PMID: 35139675]
  4. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 May;26(5 Suppl):33-41 [PMID: 22472311]
  5. Schizophr Res. 2018 Nov;201:299-306 [PMID: 29859859]
  6. Clin Oral Investig. 2015 Apr;19(3):717-28 [PMID: 25115994]
  7. J Lab Physicians. 2015 Jan-Jun;7(1):49-54 [PMID: 25949060]
  8. Front Microbiol. 2019 Jul 30;10:1723 [PMID: 31417518]
  9. Behav Res Methods. 2009 Nov;41(4):1149-60 [PMID: 19897823]
  10. J Integr Neurosci. 2022 Mar 28;21(2):73 [PMID: 35364661]
  11. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2022 Oct;52(5):394-410 [PMID: 36302646]
  12. PeerJ. 2015 Aug 25;3:e1140 [PMID: 26336637]
  13. J Oral Microbiol. 2024 Mar 21;16(1):2331264 [PMID: 38528960]
  14. Psychiatry Res. 2023 Aug;326:115279 [PMID: 37331068]
  15. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2024 May 29;38:100801 [PMID: 38882715]
  16. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 2023 Apr;39(1):85-117 [PMID: 35861776]
  17. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021 Feb 15;24(2):97-107 [PMID: 32975292]
  18. J Clin Periodontol. 2022 Aug;49(8):768-781 [PMID: 35569028]
  19. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019 Nov 19;15:3219-3229 [PMID: 31819450]
  20. Lancet. 2022 Jan 29;399(10323):473-486 [PMID: 35093231]
  21. Schizophr Res. 2021 Aug;234:24-40 [PMID: 31495702]
  22. PLoS Med. 2007 Oct 16;4(10):e296 [PMID: 17941714]
  23. Nat Methods. 2016 Jul;13(7):581-3 [PMID: 27214047]
  24. World J Psychiatry. 2023 Oct 19;13(10):724-731 [PMID: 38058688]
  25. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;50(7):685-94 [PMID: 26560842]
  26. Schizophr Res. 2019 Feb;204:23-29 [PMID: 30268819]
  27. Front Microbiol. 2022 Jun 17;13:909729 [PMID: 35783418]
  28. J Oral Microbiol. 2022 Mar 20;14(1):2053389 [PMID: 35341210]
  29. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2023 Jun;35(3):147-155 [PMID: 36503629]
  30. BMC Neurol. 2022 Feb 21;22(1):62 [PMID: 35189854]
  31. J Psychiatr Res. 2023 Jun;162:140-149 [PMID: 37156128]
  32. Bioinformatics. 2018 Jul 15;34(14):2490-2492 [PMID: 29506019]
  33. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2023 Dec 20;127:110834 [PMID: 37473955]
  34. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Dec;16(12):745-759 [PMID: 30301974]
  35. J Leukoc Biol. 2021 Jun;109(6):1045-1061 [PMID: 33020981]
  36. Metabolites. 2023 Dec 05;13(12): [PMID: 38132865]
  37. Curr Opin Oncol. 2023 Mar 1;35(2):125-131 [PMID: 36633319]
  38. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2024 May;26(5):253-263 [PMID: 38625632]
  39. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2014 Jan;18(1):69-73 [PMID: 24744548]
  40. HRB Open Res. 2021 Sep 29;4:108 [PMID: 34870091]
  41. Nat Neurosci. 2017 Feb;20(2):145-155 [PMID: 28092661]
  42. Int J Dent Hyg. 2013 May;11(2):78-83 [PMID: 22583707]
  43. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Apr 11;12:814473 [PMID: 35480234]
  44. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jul;72(7):5069-72 [PMID: 16820507]
  45. Transl Psychiatry. 2023 Dec 9;13(1):383 [PMID: 38071192]
  46. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022 Jul;36(7):e24483 [PMID: 35689551]
  47. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023 Aug 30;24(1):43 [PMID: 37649091]
  48. Int J Dent Hyg. 2022 Nov;20(4):658-663 [PMID: 35920084]
  49. J Dent Res. 2017 Nov;96(12):1378-1385 [PMID: 28709393]
  50. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-76 [PMID: 3616518]
  51. Microbiol Spectr. 2017 Aug;5(4): [PMID: 28840820]
  52. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2022 Jul 7;8(1):87 [PMID: 35798742]
  53. Sci Adv. 2019 Jan 23;5(1):eaau3333 [PMID: 30746447]
  54. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023 Apr;10(4):260-271 [PMID: 36863384]
  55. Arch Oral Biol. 2024 May;161:105933 [PMID: 38447351]
  56. Transl Psychiatry. 2024 Nov 21;14(1):475 [PMID: 39572530]
  57. Periodontol 2000. 2006;42:80-7 [PMID: 16930307]
  58. Alzheimers Dement. 2012 May;8(3):196-203 [PMID: 22546352]
  59. BMC Oral Health. 2021 Oct 4;21(1):490 [PMID: 34602059]
  60. Commun Med (Lond). 2024 Oct 23;4(1):209 [PMID: 39443634]
  61. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2016 Jun;31(3):243-258 [PMID: 26177212]
  62. Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Mar;85:120-127 [PMID: 31255682]
  63. Dig Dis Sci. 2022 Jan;67(1):42-55 [PMID: 33527328]
  64. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2018 Jan;3(1):57-64 [PMID: 29662960]
  65. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2024 Aug 14;:1-18 [PMID: 39140115]
  66. Schizophr Res. 2018 Nov;201:3-9 [PMID: 29759350]
  67. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Dec;19(8):571-585 [PMID: 29383983]
  68. Sci Adv. 2019 Feb 06;5(2):eaau8317 [PMID: 30775438]
  69. Neurobiol Dis. 2020 Feb;135:104331 [PMID: 30471416]
  70. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017 Dec 01;9:398 [PMID: 29249963]
  71. Pharmacotherapy. 2019 Feb;39(2):161-170 [PMID: 30620405]
  72. Science. 2016 Sep 16;353(6305):1272-7 [PMID: 27634532]
  73. Front Microbiol. 2022 Feb 04;12:737197 [PMID: 35185808]
  74. Cureus. 2024 Jul 11;16(7):e64340 [PMID: 39131005]
  75. J Exp Med. 2021 Jan 4;218(1): [PMID: 33175106]
  76. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021 Sep 1;34(5):503-507 [PMID: 34155149]
  77. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2021 Jan 26;97(2): [PMID: 33332530]
  78. Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7834):448-454 [PMID: 33149306]
  79. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2020 May;33(3):225-230 [PMID: 32068569]
  80. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2019 Sep 17;29:e49 [PMID: 31526409]
  81. Mol Psychiatry. 2020 Nov;25(11):2905-2918 [PMID: 31391545]
  82. Genome Biol. 2011 Jun 24;12(6):R60 [PMID: 21702898]
  83. NPJ Schizophr. 2021 Oct 28;7(1):51 [PMID: 34711862]
  84. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 May 7;12(9):7874-7907 [PMID: 32379704]
  85. J Parkinsons Dis. 2021;11(2):619-631 [PMID: 33646178]
  86. PLoS One. 2010 Mar 10;5(3):e9490 [PMID: 20224823]
  87. J Endod. 2020 Aug;46(8):1105-1112 [PMID: 32497654]
  88. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e37919 [PMID: 22675498]
  89. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2013 Apr;63(Pt 4):1214-1218 [PMID: 22753527]
  90. J Pers Med. 2022 Nov 03;12(11): [PMID: 36579574]
  91. Periodontol 2000. 2022 Oct;90(1):106-124 [PMID: 35913583]
  92. Sci Rep. 2021 May 7;11(1):9743 [PMID: 33963227]
  93. Nat Aging. 2021 Jan;1(1):87-100 [PMID: 37118004]
  94. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Apr 15;12:655451 [PMID: 33935841]
  95. Iran J Public Health. 2019 Nov;48(11):2050-2057 [PMID: 31970104]
  96. J Periodontol. 1972 Jan;43(1):38 [PMID: 4500182]
  97. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004 Oct;110(4):306-10 [PMID: 15352933]
  98. Schizophr Res. 2021 Aug;234:51-57 [PMID: 32334937]
  99. Nat Biotechnol. 2019 Aug;37(8):852-857 [PMID: 31341288]
  100. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 30;13:810008 [PMID: 35432038]
  101. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Feb 10;12(3):2764-2776 [PMID: 32040443]

Grants

  1. B2021438/Guangdong Medical Research Foundation
  2. B2021438/Guangdong Medical Research Foundation
  3. 2022CZ010182/Science and Technology Program of Huizhou

MeSH Term

Humans
Schizophrenia
Male
Female
Microbiota
Adult
Oral Health
Mouth
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Case-Control Studies
Middle Aged
Young Adult

Chemicals

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Journal Article

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0oralmicrobiotapatientsschizophreniahealthdrug-freeOralanalysisSCZassociatedcorrelationpoorchanges50basedsequencingrRNAgroupindexp < 0001HCtaxaDrug-freeBACKGROUND:neuro-psychiatricdisordersHoweverpresentlyinadequatecomprehensionregardingMoreoverfrequentlyexhibitpotentiallyinfluencingresearchoutcomesThereforestudyaimsinvestigatestatusMETHODS:samplescollectedhealthycontrolsHCsdownstreamIlluminaV3-V4hypervariableregion16 SgeneRESULTS:alphadiversityincreasedShannonSimpsonp = 0004communitystructurealsodisplaysvariancecomparedKeydiscriminativefoundLEfSeincludingphylaFusobacteriotaFirmicutesActinobacteriotadifferentialmicrobialfunctionsshowedstrongclinicalconditionsdemonstratedmodelsentireeffectivelydistinguishedAUC = 097CONCLUSIONS:significantappearcloselyenvironmentAltered16SSchizophrenia

Similar Articles

Cited By