Database Commons

a catalog of worldwide biological databases

Taxonomic classification underlies all biological science and is the basis for comparative analysis of biological organisms and therefore our understanding of life. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) develops the official taxonomy for all viruses. To ensure that the taxonomic data, associated metadata, and analytical tools used to search and visualize those data are easily accessible, the ICTV maintains a comprehensive database and website that provides these resources to the scientific community and the interested public. This report describes the extensive enhancements made to these resources since our first Nucleic Acids Research Database Issue publication in 2018. These enhancements have focused on improvements to the computational infrastructure supporting the database, website, and tools; expanding the information available on the taxonomy and the viruses classified by that taxonomy; enhancing existing and developing new tools to access, search, and display taxonomic data; expanding the available methods and links used to access the taxonomic and associated data; and providing outreach and training opportunities to our users to ensure that these resources are useful and used. The data and tools provided through this effort are available from the ICTV website at https://ictv.global.

The 56th meeting of the Executive Committee (EC) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) was held in Bari, Italy, in July/August, 2024, and 115 submitted taxonomy proposals were reviewed. A total of 112 were subsequently ratified by the ICTV membership. An additional 9 error correction proposals were also approved in August 2025. This article lists the taxonomy proposals that have now been incorporated into release 40 version v2 of the Master Species List ( https://ictv.global/msl ), the Virus Metadata Resource ( https://ictv.global/vmr ), and associated ICTV databases. In addition to the assignments of 1,563 new virus species, 243genera, 55 families, 11 orders, and 8 classes, there were substantial additions to higher taxonomic ranks. These include the creation of a new realm (Singelaviria), which is based on the recognition of a separate evolutionary origin for the hallmark capsid genes of members of the kingdom Helvetiavirae. These express capsid proteins forming a single jelly-roll fold that is structurally and evolutionarily distinct from those of members of the family Bamfordvirae, assigned to the realm Varidnaviria. Furthermore, the realm Varidnaviria underwent a major reorganization, including the addition of a new kingdom, Abadenavirae. Another notable change was the classification of the vertebrate-infecting single-stranded DNA anellovirids into a new phylum Commensaviricota (kingdom Shotokuvirae, realm Monodnaviria). Archaeal viruses infecting the hyperthermophilic Archaeoglobi were assigned to a new phylum Calorviricota, in the kingdom Trapavirae (realm Monodnaviria), whereas RNA viruses infecting hyperthermophilic bacteria were classified into a new phylum Artimaviricota (realm Riboviria). In recognition of his extensive and valuable contributions to virus taxonomic developments in Study Groups and over the period of his EC membership, Stuart Siddell was honoured as a new life member of the ICTV. The ICTV has created a new strategy for disseminating information on taxonomy advances through annual open-access publication of citeable taxonomy proposal summaries from each ICTV Subcommittee. A collective total of 354 co-authors of the seven summaries were drawn from members of each Subcommittee, the EC, and a very large number of contributors from the wider virology community.

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is charged with the task of developing, refining, and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy. This task encompasses the classification of virus species and higher-level taxa according to the genetic and biological properties of their members; naming virus taxa; maintaining a database detailing the currently approved taxonomy; and providing the database, supporting proposals, and other virus-related information from an open-access, public web site. The ICTV web site (http://ictv.global) provides access to the current taxonomy database in online and downloadable formats, and maintains a complete history of virus taxa back to the first release in 1971. The ICTV has also published the ICTV Report on Virus Taxonomy starting in 1971. This Report provides a comprehensive description of all virus taxa covering virus structure, genome structure, biology and phylogenetics. The ninth ICTV report, published in 2012, is available as an open-access online publication from the ICTV web site. The current, 10th report (http://ictv.global/report/), is being published online, and is replacing the previous hard-copy edition with a completely open access, continuously updated publication. No other database or resource exists that provides such a comprehensive, fully annotated compendium of information on virus taxa and taxonomy.

A database and website ( http://www.ictvonline.org/taxonomyReleases.asp ) have been established where the history of changes in virus taxonomy from 1971 to the present day can easily be traced. Each change is linked to a source document confirming the change or, for most changes since 2002, to the taxonomic proposal approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).