With new or emerging fungal infections, human/animal fungal pathogens are a growing threat worldwide. Current diagnostic tools are slow, non-specific at the species and subspecies levels, and require specific morphological expertise to accurately identify pathogens from pure cultures. DNA barcodes are easily amplified, universal, short species-specific DNA sequences, which enable rapid identification by comparison with a well-curated reference sequence collection. The primary fungal DNA barcode, ITS region, was introduced in 2012 and is now routinely used in diagnostic laboratories. However, the ITS region only accurately identifies around 75% of all medically relevant fungal species, which has prompted the development of a secondary barcode to increase the resolution power and suitability of DNA barcoding for fungal disease diagnostics. The translational elongation factor 1? (TEF1?) was selected in 2015 as a secondary fungal DNA barcode, but has not been implemented into practice, due to the absence of a reference database. Here, we have established a quality-controlled reference database for the secondary barcode which together with the ISHAM-ITS database, forms the "ISHAM BARCODE DATABASE", available online at: http://its.mycologylab.org/. We encourage the mycology community for active contributions. The application of a dual DNA barcoding system enables accurate identification of all clinically important fungal pathogens.
