LINC00319

Annotation

Name

Approved symbol: LINC00319

Approved name: long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 319

HGNC ID: HGNC:19730

Previous symbols: C21orf125; NCRNA00319

Previous names: chromosome 21 open reading frame 125; non-protein coding RNA 319

Alias symbols: PRED49; FLJ38036

RefSeq ID: NR_026960

LncBook ID: HSALNT0289323

Disease

Disease: lung cancer (PMID:28800794)

Dysfunction type: regulation

Description: Linc00319 promotes cell proliferation and invasion in lung cancer cells by directly binding with and downregulating the tumor suppressor miR-32.

Function

Function Mechanism: ceRNA (PMID:28800794)

Biological Process: pathogenic process

Description: NA

Characteristics

Functional domains of 7SK RNA((Diribarne 2009))

~330 nt in vertebrates*. Transcribed by RNAP III, GC-rich sequence forming conserved secondary structures (especially 3' and 5' stem-loop motifs).

The 7SK gene is located on chromosome 6, and chromosome 6 is the sole human chromosome that produces 7SK RNA ((Driscoll 1994))

7SK RNA is capped at its 5' end by BCDIN3, a specific methylase methylphosphate capping enzyme (MePCE) ((Jeronimo 2007)).

RNAP II was recently found to bind near 7SK promoter, as well as many other known Pol III genes, suggesting that RNAP II may also play a role in regulating their transcription ((Raha 2010)).

In invertebrates, 7SK homologs may have different sizes (such as >400 nt and ~130 nt in drosophilids and nematodes, respectively). ((Gruber 2008)) ((Marz 2009))

Expression

Nuclear, highly abundant (one of the most abundant small RNAs in vertebrate cells), first isolated from HeLa nuclear extracts, but ubiquitously expressed.

RNA sequencing from 11 humans tissues confirmed ubiquitous high expression of 7SK with expression in some tissues being higher than any mRNA ((Castle 2010)).

Regulation

In the 7SK ribonucleoprotein, Larp7 binds directly to 3′ terminus of 7SK RNA ((Krueger 2008)) ((Markert 2008)), and prevents degradation of 7SK in vivo ((Krueger 2008)).

Function

Model of hLarp7 recognition of the 7SK 3′end and mechanism of assembly of core 7SK RNP((Eichhorn 2018))

7SK snRNA functions in transcriptional regulation by interacting with PTEF-B complex ((Nguyen 2001)) ((Yang 2001)), BAF chromatin-remodeling complex ((Flynn 2016)), or hnRNP R ((Briese 2018)). Consistently, it has been found highly enriched in isolated chromatin fractions, which may be related to its role in transcriptional regulation ((Mondal 2010)). In addition to its critical role for controlling transcription, 7SK snRNA is also involved in alternative splicing ((Barboric 2009)) and the localization of protein in nucleolus ((He 2007)). Therefore, 7SK snRNA has a variety of functions in the nuclear, playing important roles in cell growth and differentiation ((Nguyen 2001)) ((Yang 2001)), axon maintenance ((Briese 2018)) and vertebrate development ((Barboric 2009)).

7SK snRNA controls RNAP II activity by inhibiting P-TEFb elongation factor, which is a cdk-cyclin kinase that functions as both a general and an HIV-1 Tat-specific transcription factor ((Nguyen 2001)) ((Yang 2001)), with an impact on cell growth and differentiation. Specifically, 7SK snRNA functions as the central scaffold that coordinates protein-protein interactions and, by inhibiting P-TEFb kinase-mediated CTD phosphorylation, regulates RNAP II elongation ((Nguyen 2001)).

At an early stage of the HIV transcription cycle, elongation is prevented as P-TEFb is recruited to the HIV-1 promoter in a catalytically inactive state bound to the 7SK snRNP and also the Tat trans-activator of transcription protein. The inhibitory 7SK snRNP may be displaced by the nascent TAR HIV RNA that also binds Tat protein, activating P-TEFb kinase and transcriptional elongation ((D'Orso 2010)). Displacement of 7SK may also be performed by cellular RNAs, as indicated by the 3'-untranslated region (~300-nt) of HIC mRNA, which forms complexes with P-TEFb and is necessary and sufficient for stimulation of P-TEFb-dependent transcription of the HIV promoter ((Young 2007)).

7SK snRNA inhibits enhancer transcription by modulating nucleosome position. 7SK physically interacts with the BAF chromatin-remodeling complex, recruits BAF to enhancers and inhibits enhancer transcription by modulating chromatin structure ((Flynn 2016)).

In axons, 7SK snRNA interacts with hnRNP R to regulate its function in axon maintenance ((Briese 2018)).

7SK snRNP (composed of 7SK snRNA, Hexim1, Larp7/Pip7S, and the P-TEFb subunits CycT1 and Cdk9) is not only critical for controlling transcription, but also for regulating alternative splicing coupled to transcription elongation ((Barboric 2009)). 7SK snRNP disintegration promotes inclusion of an alternative exon via the increased occupancy of P-TEFb, Ser2-phosphorylated (Ser2-P) RNAPII, and the splicing factor SF2/ASF at the minigene ((Barboric 2009)).

7SK snRNA also inhibits APOBEC3C deaminase activity and sequesters it to the nucleolus, suggesting broader role for 7SK RNA in regulating key nuclear functions ((He 2007)).

Disease

colon adenocarcinoma

Evolution

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Labs working on this lncRNA

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