Os04g0560600

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OsCPK12, is a member of CDPKs (calcium-dependent protein kinases), which oppositely modulates salt-stress tolerance and blast disease resistance[1].

Annotated Information

Function

Figure 1.A model for OsCPK12-mediated pathogen and salt-stress signaling.(from reference [1]).
  • The coding sequence of OsCPK12 consists of eight exons and seven introns. OsCPK12 encodes a predicted protein of 533 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 59.6 kDa, and possesses a structure typical of the CDPK family[1].
  • OsCPK12 may oppositely modulate salt-stress tolerance and blast disease resistance[1].
  • OsCPK12 enhances tolerance to salt stress by reducing the accumulation of ROS (Figure 1).Furthermore, overexpression of OsCPK12 conferred increased sensitivity to exogenously applied ABA, and enhanced susceptibility to blast fungus. These also suggest that OsCPK12 functions in multiple signaling pathways, and inversely modulates salt-stress tolerance and blast disease resistance[1].
  • OsCPK12 positively regulates the ABA signaling pathway, and that functional redundancy amongst OsCPK12 and other rice CDPK(s) exists in the ABA signaling pathway of rice. The difference in ABA response between the OsCPK12-OX and loss-of-function lines implies

that OsCPK12 confers tolerance to salt stress by repressing ROS accumulation rather than by effecting ABA-mediated salt signaling(Figure 1)[1].

  • OsCPK12 and OsCDPK7 have different roles in salt-stress signaling (Figure 1).

GO assignment(s): GO:0004672, GO:0004674, GO:0005509, GO:0005524, GO:0006468

Mutation

  • OsCPK12-OX and loss-offunction lines:
    • OsCPK12-OX plants
    • oscpk12 mutant:
      A Tos17 insertion mutant of OsCPK12 (line NE1534) was identified in the Rice Tos17 Insertion Mutant Database, Asano et al. dentified homozygous oscpk12 mutant plants.
    • OsCPK12 RNAi(RNA interference) plants.
  • RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the expression of OsCPK12 was significantly enhanced in the OsCPK12-OX plants in comparison with WT plants[1].
  • The OsCPK12-OX plants and the loss-of-function lines showed opposite trends in ROS accumulation,which suggesting that OsCPK12 is involved in the elimination of H2O2 produced under salt stress.showed opposite trends in ROS accumulation,which suggesting that OsCPK12 is involved in the elimination of H2O2 produced under salt stress[1].
  • OsCPK12-OX plants exhibited an increased susceptibility to both compatible and incompatible blast fungus compared with WT plants, and the disease lesions in OsCPK12-OX plants were larger than those in WT plants. No significant difference in blast disease resistance was observed between the oscpk12 and WT plants. The expression level of the pathogenesis-related(PR) genes OsPR1b [2] and PBZ1[3] was lower in OsCPK12-OX lines than in WT plants.
  • OsCPK12-OX plants exhibit enhanced tolerance to salt stress, possibly as a result of decreased ROS accumulation, and also increased sensitivity to exogenous ABA and decreased resistance to blast disease[1].

Expression

Figure 2.Spatial pattern of GUS expression.(from reference [1]).
  • Asano et al. showed that OsCPK12 is ubiquitously expressed in the roots, leaf blades, basal parts(including the meristems) and developing seeds of rice. GUS staining was predominantly detected in the vascular tissues of POsCPK12:GUS plants by histochemical analysis (Figure 2a–c), and was more strongly detected in the phloem tissue of the large vascular bundle (Figure 2a). No significant difference in the expression level of OsCPK12 was found in our experimental conditions, suggesting that OsCPK12 is not regulated at the transcriptional level in response to salt stress.
  • Overexpression and knock-down of OsCPK12 expression showed opposite effects on saltstress tolerance, and this effect was more pronounced in the roots[1].
  • No significant difference in the expression of ABA-inducible OsAPx8[4] was found between OsCPK12-OX and WT plants.

Evolution

Figure 3.Phylogenetic relationships between CDPKs from rice and Arabidopsis.(from reference [5]).
'Figure 4.Phylogenetic relatedness among the rice, Arabidopsis and functionally characterized CDPKs from other plant species.(from reference [6]).
Figure 5.Phylogenetic relationships among CDPKs from rice (OsCPK1-OsCPK29) and Arabidopsis (AtCPK1-AtCPK34).(from reference [7]).


  • OsCPK12 shares a high sequence similarity with Arabidopsis CPK29 (69% identity) and rice OsCPK19 (71%)[1].
  • The phylogenetic tree was created using the ClustalW program based on the alignment of the kinase catalytic domains of 29 rice (OsCPK1-OsCPK29) and 34 Arabidopsis (AtCPK1-AtCPK34) CDPKs. OsCPK21 is indicated by an arrow. Phylogenetic analysis showed that rice CDPKs are divided into four distinct classes[5], OsCPK21 belongs to Group II-a(Fig. 3).
  • To study the evolutionary relatedness of rice and Arabidopsis CDPKs with all the CDPK genes characterized so far from alfalfa, cucumber, ice plant, mung bean, potato, strawberry, tomato, Petunia, maize, tobacco and Medicago, an unrooted tree was constructed by using ClustalX 1.83. This exercise resulted in four distinct groups similar to that reported by Asano et al.[6][8](Fig. 4).
  • The amplitude of difierential expression for these genes was not as significant as reported earlier, possibly due to use of difierent rice variety and/or experimental conditions. Most of the previously identiWed stress responsive CDPK genes cluster together in

subclades Ia and Ib[6](Fig. 4).

  • Each calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) consists of a variable N-terminal domain, a protein kinase domain, an autoinhibitory region and a calmodulin-like domain with EFhand Ca2+-binding sites. CDPKs are directly activated by the binding of Ca2+ to the calmodulin-like domain, and the activated CDPKs regulate downstream targets. CDPKs have been identified throughout the plant kingdom， and in some protozoans, but not in animals. CDPKs constitute a large multigene family in various plant species; CDPK genes have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, and CDPK genes have been found in Oryza sativa (rice) (Fig. 5). The expression and activities of CDPKs are upregulated by a variety of stimuli, such as hormones, abiotic stresses and biotic stresses. Red letters indicate CDPKs involved in abiotic stress signaling[7].

Knowledge Extension

  • The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, the superoxide radical ion and hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2), is induced by ABA, and by biotic and abiotic stresses [9][10][11]. ROS

function as signal transduction molecules in many biological processes, including plant growth and development, the cell cycle, programmed cell death, hormone signaling, and biotic and abiotic stress responses[9][10]

  • In rice, the CDPKs constitute a large family of 29 genes[6].
  • To minimize and/or prevent oxidative damage to cells by ROS and to maintain cellular redox homeostasis, plants have evolved defense systems that include ROS scavenging enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APx), superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase[9][10][11].
  • Three major classes of Ca2+-binding proteins have been characterized in higher plants: calciumdependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calmodulins (CaMs) and CaM-like proteins, and calcineurin B-like proteins[6].

Labs working on this gene

  • National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
  • Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Asano T, Hayashi N, Kobayashi M, et al. A rice calcium‐dependent protein kinase OsCPK12 oppositely modulates salt‐stress tolerance and blast disease resistance[J]. The Plant Journal, 2012, 69(1): 26-36.
  2. ↑ Agrawal G K, Rakwal R, Jwa N S. Rice (< i> Oryza sativa</i> L.)< i> OsPR1b</i> Gene Is Phytohormonally Regulated in Close Interaction with Light Signals[J]. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2000, 278(2): 290-298.
  3. ↑ Midoh N, Iwata M. Cloning and characterization of a probenazole-inducible gene for an intracellular pathogenesis-related protein in rice[J]. Plant and Cell Physiology, 1996, 37(1): 9-18.
  4. ↑ Hong C Y, Hsu Y T, Tsai Y C, et al. Expression of ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE 8 in roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings in response to NaCl[J]. Journal of experimental botany, 2007, 58(12): 3273-3283.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Asano T, Hakata M, Nakamura H, et al. Functional characterisation of OsCPK21, a calcium-dependent protein kinase that confers salt tolerance in rice[J]. Plant molecular biology, 2011, 75(1-2): 179-191.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Ray S, Agarwal P, Arora R, et al. Expression analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinase gene family during reproductive development and abiotic stress conditions in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica)[J]. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 2007, 278(5): 493-505.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Asano T, Hayashi N, Kikuchi S, et al. CDPK-mediated abiotic stress signaling[J]. Plant Signal Behav, 2012, 7(7): 817-821.
  8. ↑ Asano T, Tanaka N, Yang G, et al. Genome-wide identification of the rice calcium-dependent protein kinase and its closely related kinase gene families: comprehensive analysis of the CDPKs gene family in rice[J]. Plant and cell physiology, 2005, 46(2): 356-366.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Apel K, Hirt H. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction[J]. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 2004, 55: 373-399.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Miller G, Shulaev V, Mittler R. Reactive oxygen signaling and abiotic stress[J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 2008, 133(3): 481-489.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Miller G A D, Suzuki N, CIFTCI‐YILMAZ S, et al. Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and signalling during drought and salinity stresses[J]. Plant, cell & environment, 2010, 33(4): 453-467.

Structured Information

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