Os05g0333200
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Contents
Annotated Information
Function
The d1 mutant, which is deficient for the heterotrimeric G-protein α subunit (G α ) gene of rice, shows dwarfi sm and sets small round seeds[1]. Heterotrimeric G proteins, which are composed of α (G α ),β (G β ) and γ (G γ ) subunits, play a variety of roles in a wide range of physiological responses by transducing extracellular information to intracellular components[2][3]. Heterotrimeric G proteins act as signal transducer between a receptor (G-protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs) and downstream effectors. G-protein signaling starts with a conformational change of the GPCR upon ligand perception.The GPCR is a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) and its activation by the ligand promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP in the associated G α subunit. Subsequently, this complex dissociates into a G α -GTP monomer and a G β γ dimer to regulate downstream effectors. Mammals have multiples of each of the > 20 G α , 5 G β and 11 G γgenes[2].
Expression
The G α protein was expressed in all the organs . Previously, the expression of the Arabidopsis G α(GPA1) was investigated by immunohistochemistry using anti-Arabidopsis G α antibody[4] and it was shown that G α is present throughout all development stages and in all organs examined such as roots, fl oral stems, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, fl owers and seed pods, with the exception of mature seeds. The accumulation of G α in Arabidopsis was higher in immature than in mature organs. The fact that the rice and Arabidopsis G α s were accumulated in the developing organs, fitted well the possibility that plant G α s are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation[1]. The expression pattern of rice G α suggests that this is also the case in rice. It was shown by immunochemical analysis that in Arabidopsis, G α accumulates highly in the root meristems, the shoot apical meristems and the floral meristems[4]. The differences in expression in the meristem region between rice and Arabidopsis may refl ect speciesspecifi c expression patterns. The expression of the promoter of the Arabidopsis G α gene (GPA1) has also been investigated using histochemical analysis of transgenic plants expressing the GPA1::GUS reporter gene[5].
Evolution
Studies of proteins that interact with plant G α will also be important for understanding dwarfi sm in d1 . As previously mentioned, many proteins that interact with Arabidopsis G α were isolated, namely three GPCR-type proteins, GCR1,GTG1 and GTG2; one modulator, AtRGS1; four effectors, AtPrin1, AtPLD α 1, PD1 and THF1. It is not known whether rice homologues of these genes interact with rice G α or not[1].
Labs working on this gene
1 Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka Kenjyojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1195 Japan
2 Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8604 Japan
3 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,North Carolina 27599, USA
4 Biology Department, Penn State University, University Park,Pennsylvania 16802-5301, USA
5 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724-2212
References
<references> [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Yuki Izawa;Yoshiyuki Takayanagi;Noriko Inaba;Yuki Abe;Miho Minami;Yukiko Fujisawa;Hisaharu Kato;Shizuka Ohki;Hidemi Kitano;Yukimoto Iwasaki
Function and Expression Pattern of the α Subunit of the Heterotrimeric G Protein in Rice Plant and Cell Physiology, 2010, 51(2): 271-281
2. Kotaro Miura;Masakazu Agetsuma;Hidemi Kitano;Atsushi Yoshimura;Makoto Matsuoka;Steven E. Jacobsen;Motoyuki Ashikari
A metastable DWARF1 epigenetic mutant affecting plant stature in rice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009, 106(27): 11218-11223
3. Lei Wang;Yun-Yuan Xu;Qi-Bin Ma;Dan Li;Zhi-Hong Xu;Kang Chong
Heterotrimeric G protein α subunit is involved in rice brassinosteroid response Cell Research, 2006, 16(12): 916-922
4. Miyako Ueguchi-Tanaka;Yukiko Fujisawa;Masatomo Kobayashi;Motoyuki Ashikari;Yukimoto Iwasaki;Hidemi Kitano;Makoto Matsuoka
Rice dwarf mutant d1, which is defective in the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein, affects gibberellin signal transduction Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2000, 97(21): 11638-11643
5. Motoyuki Ashikari;Jianzhong Wu;Masahiro Yano;Takuji Sasaki;and Atsushi Yoshimura
Rice gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gene Dwarf 1 encodes the α-subunit of GTP-binding protein Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1999, 96(18): 10284-10289
6. Yukiko Fujisawa;Teruhisa Kato;Shizuka Ohki;Atsushi Ishikawa;Hidemi Kitano;Takuji Sasaki;Tadashi Asahi;and Yukimoto Iwasaki
Suppression of the heterotrimeric G protein causes abnormal morphology, including dwarfism, in rice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1999, 96(13): 7575-7580
7. Atsushi Ishikawa;Hitoshi Tsubouchi;Yukimoto Iwasaki;Tadashi Asahi
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a cDNA for the α Subunit of a G Protein from RicePlant and Cell Physiology, 1995, 36(2): 353-359
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Izawa Y, Takayanagi Y, Inaba N, et al. Function and expression pattern of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein in rice[J]. Plant and cell physiology, 2010, 51(2): 271-281.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Offermanns S. Mammalian G-protein function in vivo: new insights through altered gene expression[M]//Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Volume 140. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000: 63-133.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jones A M, Assmann S M. Plants: the latest model system for G‐protein research[J]. EMBO reports, 2004, 5(6): 572-578.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Weiss C A, Huang H, Ma H. Immunolocalization of the G protein alpha subunit encoded by the GPA1 gene in Arabidopsis[J]. The Plant Cell Online, 1993, 5(11): 1513-1528.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Huang H, Weiss C A, Ma H. Regulated expression of the Arabidopsis G protein α subunit gene GPA1[J]. International journal of plant sciences, 1994: 3-14.
