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| − | Please input one-sentence summary here.
| + | The rice '''''Os04g0659100''''' was reported as '''''OsGS2''''' in 2000 <ref name="ref1" /> by researchers from Japan. |
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| | ==Annotated Information== | | ==Annotated Information== |
| | + | ===Gene Symbol=== |
| | + | *'''''Os04g0659100''''' '''''<=>''''' '''''OsGS2, GLN2, RGS31''''' |
| | + | |
| | ===Function=== | | ===Function=== |
| − | OsGS2 was also named as OsGLN2, λGS31 which encodes cytoplasmic glutamine synthelase GS2. Glutamine synthelase（GS）a key enzyme of assimilation process which catalyze glutamate and ammonia into glutamine at the existence of ATP[1]. It is the first reaction of nitrogen assimilation. GS2 could catalyze assimilation of amino produced by chloroplasts photorespiration[2].[[File:Example.jpg]] | + | * The rice '''''OsGS2''''' can encode chloroplastic glutamine synthetase proteins. |
| − | | + | * The rice '''''OsGS2''''' is a key enzyme of assimilation process which catalyze glutamate and ammonia into glutamine at the existence of ATP. |
| − | GS with cytoplasmic GS1 and chloroplast GS2 commonly exists in the form of two kinds of isozymes: GS1 by multiple genes coding, but it is the single gene encoding the GS2[4][5]. But there are exceptions, and cloned into multiple genes encoding GS2 protein in soybeans and alfalfa[6]. GS2 proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, guided by the signal peptide in chloroplast, then the exercise of functions, mainly for NH4+primary assimilation and photorespiration pathway release NH3 recycling in the chloroplast[7]. Studies have shown that excessive expression of GS2 transgenic tobacco and rice increased light breath ability and the resistance to strong light, but no differences in growth phenotype[8][9].
| + | * It is the first reaction of nitrogen assimilation. GS2 could catalyze assimilation of amino produced by chloroplasts photorespiration. |
| − | | + | * '''''GS2''''' might be involved in assimilation of ammonium derived from many sources such as nitrate in the soil, atmospheric N 2 , and endogenous amino acids as well as from photorespiration |
| − | ===Expression===
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| − | In most plants, GS2 is expressed in the tissue containing chlorophyll and some plants' roots or nodules also have the existence of GS2[2].
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| − | Nitrogen-related genes in different rice varieties have the expression pattern of the flag leaf at different growth stages, we can see from the figure, at any time, OsGS1.1, OsGS1.2, OsGS2 are expressed in three varieties, OsGS1.1, OsGS1.2 the expression pattern of consistent, OsGS2 gene expression levels in the flag leaf of three rice varieties in the grain-filling stage is higher, and the most obvious in the Nongken and Yangdao. It is worth noting that, in maturity, OsGS2 gene expression in three varieties more consistent with the grain-filling stage, the highest expression of Yangdao, and low expression of Nipponbare, almost no expression.[[File:000.jpg]][[File:111.jpg]]
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| − | Through CREP database in rice Minghui 63 full-genome DNA microarray expression differences obtained GS2 gene expression information in different tissues and organs in the growth period. The expression profile display, GS2 gene is mainly expressed in a large number of leaves and leaf sheaths during vegetative growth period, however, in roots, reproductive organs and seed germination almost no expression.[[File:222.jpg]]
| + | ===Phenotypic analysis=== |
| − | | + | * Each transgenic rice plant line showed a different accumulation level of GS2. |
| − | ===Evolution===
| + | * A transgenic plant line, G39-2, which accumulated about 1.5-fold more GS2 than the control plant, had an increased photorespiration capacity. |
| − | Please input evolution information here.
| + | * In another line, G241-12, GS2 was almost lost and photorespiration activity could not be detected. |
| | + | * Fluorescence quenching analysis revealed that photorespiration could prevent the over-reduction of electron transport systems. |
| | + | * When exposed to 150 mM NaCl for 2 weeks, the control rice plants completely lost photosystem II activity, but G39-2 plants retained more than 90% activity after the 2-week treatment, whereas G241-12 plants lost these activities within one week. In the presence of isonicotinic acid hydrazide, an inhibitor of photorespiration, G39-2 showed the same salt tolerance as the control plants. |
| | + | * The intracellular contents of NH 4 + and Na + in the stressed plants correlated well with the levels of GS2. |
| | + | * Thus, the enhancement of photorespiration conferred resistance to salt in rice plants. |
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| | You can also add sub-section(s) at will. | | You can also add sub-section(s) at will. |
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| − | We could get nucleic acid sequence and amino acid sequence data of GS2 by BLAST from NCBI database. And then using MEGA(4.0) software analyses of these data to build phylogenetic tree(figure 1)[3].
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| − | [[File:The phylogenetic tree of GS2 gene in different plants.jpg]]
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| | ==Labs working on this gene== | | ==Labs working on this gene== |
| − | 1. Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Korea
| + | * Research Institute, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. |
| − | | + | * Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502 Japan |
| − | 2. National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707, Korea
| + | * Plantech Research Institute, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-0033 Japan |
| − | | + | * Graduate School of Bioagricultral Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan |
| − | 3. Department of Horticulture, Hankyong National University, Ansung, 456-749, Republic of Korea
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| − | 4. Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 540-742, Republic of Korea
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| − | 5. a.National Key Lab of Tobacco Planting and Physiology and Biochemistry; b.College of Life Science; Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002; China
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| − | 6. Laboratorio de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias一Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnologia, Univ. de Mklaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain.
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| − | 7. Nitrogen nutrition, plant nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, china
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| − | 8.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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| − | 9.Industrial Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Zhengzhou 450002, china
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| − | 10.Zhanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Zhanjiang Guangdong 524094, china
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | [1] Francisco M C, Francisco R G, Angel G G, et al. Molecular physiology of glutamine and glutamate biosynthesis in developing seedling of conifers[J]. Physiol Plant, 1998,103:287-294.
| + | <references> |
| − | | + | * <ref name="ref1"> |
| − | [2] Kazunari K, Tomoyuki Y, Toahihiko H, et al. Vascular bundle-specific localisation of cytosolic glutamine synthetase in rice leaves[J]. Plant Physiol, 1992,99:1481-1486.
| + | Hoshida H, Tanaka Y, Hibino T, Hayashi Y, Tanaka A, Takabe T, Takabe T. |
| − | | + | Enhanced tolerance to salt stress in transgenic rice that overexpresses |
| − | [3] WANG Mao, SHI Yong-Chun, LIU Quan-Jun, LIU Wei-Qun. Bioinformatic Analysis of Glutamine Synthetase 2 Gene in Different Tobacco[J]. LETTERS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2009,20(2):199-201.
| + | chloroplast glutamine synthetase. Plant Mol Biol. 2000 May;43(1):103-11. PubMed |
| − | | + | PMID: 10949377. |
| − | [4] Ireland RJ, Lea PJ (1999) The enzymes of glutamine, glutamate, asparagine and aspirate metabolism. In: Singh BK (ed) Plant amino acids: biochemistry and biotechnology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 49–109
| + | </ref> |
| − | | + | </references> |
| − | [5] Lancien M, Gadal P, Hodges M (2000) Enzyme redundancy and the importance of 2-oxoglutarate in higher plant ammonium assimilation. Plant Physiol 123:817–824
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| − | | |
| − | [6] Gallardo F, Fu J, Canton FR, Garcia-Gutierez A, Canovas FM, Kirby EG (1999) Expression of a conifer glutamine synthetase gene in transgenic poplar. Planta 210:19–26
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| − | [7] Wallsgrove RM, Turner JC, Hall NP, Kendall AC, Bright SWJ (1987) Barley mutants lacking chloroplast glutamine synthetase-biochemical and genetic analysis. Plant Physiol 83:155–158
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| | ==Structured Information== | | ==Structured Information== |
| − | {{JaponicaGene|
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| − | GeneName = Os04g0659100|
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| − | Description = Glutamine synthetase shoot isozyme, chloroplast precursor (EC 6.3.1.2) (Glutamate--ammonia ligase) (Clone lambda-GS31)|
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| − | Version = NM_001060668.1 GI:115461065 GeneID:4337272|
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| − | Length = 6598 bp|
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| − | Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os04g0659100, complete gene.|
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| − | Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group
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| − | ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
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| − | Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
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| − | Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
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| − | clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
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| − | Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 4|Chromosome 4]]|
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| − | AP = Chromosome 4:34022957..34029554|
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| − | CDS = 34023266..34023405,34023792..34023852,34023933..34024092,34026856..34026893,34026973..34027026<br>,34027366..34027440,34027557..34027685,34027801..34027888,34028002..34028108<br>,34028249..34028297,34028393..34028496,34028677..34028716,34029145..34029386<br>|
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| − | GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
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| − | name=NC_008397:34022957..34029554
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| − | source=RiceChromosome04
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| − | preset=GeneLocation
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| − | </gbrowseImage1>|
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| − | GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
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| − | name=NC_008397:34022957..34029554
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| − | source=RiceChromosome04
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| − | preset=GeneLocation
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| − | </gbrowseImage2>|
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| − | CDNA = <cdnaseq>atggcgcaggcggtggtgccggcgatgcagtgccaggtcggggccgtgcgggcgaggccggcggcggctgcggcggcggcgggggggagggtgtggggagtcaggaggaccgggcgcggcacgtcggggttcagggtgatggccgtgagcacggagaccaccggggtggtgacgcggatggagcagctgctcaacatggacaccacccccttcaccgacaagatcatcgccgagtacatctgggttggaggaactggaattgacctcagaagcaaatcaaggacaatatcaaaaccagtggaggacccctcggagctaccaaaatggaactacgatggatcaagcacagggcaagctccaggagaagatagtgaagtcatcttatacccacaggctatattcaaggacccatttcgaggtggcaacaacatattggttatgtgtgatacctacacaccagctggggaacccatccctactaacaaacgtaacagggctgcacaagtattcagtgatccaaaggttgtcagccaagtgccatggtttggaatagaacaggagtacactttgctccagagagacgtaaactggcctcttggctggcccgttggaggctaccctgggccccagggtccatactactgcgctgtaggatcggacaaatcgtttggccgtgacatatcagatgctcactacaaggcatgtctttatgctggaattaacattagtggaacaaatggagaggtcatgcctggtcagtgggagtaccaggttggacctagtgtcggtattgaagctggagaccacatatggatttcaagatatattcttgagagaataacggagcaggctggtgtagtgcttacccttgaccccaaaccaattcagggagactggaatggagctgggtgccacacaaactacagcaccaagagtatgcgtgaagatggaggatttgaggtgatcaagaaggcaatcctaaacctatcacttcgccatgacttgcatataagtgcatatggtgaaggaaatgaaaggaggttgacaggtttacacgagacagctagcattgacaatttctcatggggtgtggcaaaccgtggatgctctattcgggtggggcgagacaccgaggcgaagggaaaaggctacttggaagaccgtcgcccggcatcaaacatggacccgtacgtcgtgacagcgctattggctgaaaccacaattctttgggagccaaccctcgaagcggaggttcttgctgctaagaagttggccctgaaggtatga</cdnaseq>|
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| − | AA = <aaseq>MAQAVVPAMQCQVGAVRARPAAAAAAAGGRVWGVRRTGRGTSGF RVMAVSTETTGVVTRMEQLLNMDTTPFTDKIIAEYIWVGGTGIDLRSKSRTISKPVED PSELPKWNYDGSSTGQAPGEDSEVILYPQAIFKDPFRGGNNILVMCDTYTPAGEPIPT NKRNRAAQVFSDPKVVSQVPWFGIEQEYTLLQRDVNWPLGWPVGGYPGPQGPYYCAVG SDKSFGRDISDAHYKACLYAGINISGTNGEVMPGQWEYQVGPSVGIEAGDHIWISRYI LERITEQAGVVLTLDPKPIQGDWNGAGCHTNYSTKSMREDGGFEVIKKAILNLSLRHD LHISAYGEGNERRLTGLHETASIDNFSWGVANRGCSIRVGRDTEAKGKGYLEDRRPAS NMDPYVVTALLAETTILWEPTLEAEVLAAKKLALKV</aaseq>|
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| − | DNA = <dnaseqindica>6150..6289#5703..5763#5463..5622#2662..2699#2529..2582#2115..2189#1870..1998#1667..1754#1447..1553#1258..1306#1059..1162#839..878#169..410#atcgacgtcgcctcctctcctcctcctcctcgtcgctgcattccggtgagtccgtgcaatgcctgcattttgtgttttcgtgctcggtttcgtctcgtttttgctgatgacaatgttgtttgtttgatgcaggttgagtgagttggtgattatctgtagggggtgaaaatggcgcaggcggtggtgccggcgatgcagtgccaggtcggggccgtgcgggcgaggccggcggcggctgcggcggcggcgggggggagggtgtggggagtcaggaggaccgggcgcggcacgtcggggttcagggtgatggccgtgagcacggagaccaccggggtggtgacgcggatggagcagctgctcaacatggacaccacccccttcaccgacaagatcatcgccgagtacatctggtactgcaaatgctgcatctcacagtgacgcttctgttcttggtttgacccacacaacagtagcagtagcagcagtttcagactttcagatttcagataagccaaatccgcactttttactagcaccaatttagtactactgctacagtttgtaggttttgcactgcaccgttcgattagggaattggatggttgagatatgaatcataggattagctgtgagcaaacattagtagagtacaagttttgccttaaaatagataaaagtttctcaagcatggtggtggctggtggtgactcacactagctgcttttcagttcccacacttgaataataatacttcaggagtgcgaatccccgatgcgttttcctggtgaaagcagcaatatattaacgaatctgcaatcctttttgccacattctgcagggttggaggaactggaattgacctcagaagcaaatcaagggtatgcacttggtatcatcattatcacaaatgttcttgttcttggataaagataccagtgctgtctttaggaagagaagttgcgtttttaggggattagcagtgtacacagcgcctcctttcgttatttactttctacctctttggcccttgaaagaaaaatcgaatgcctgtatttcagacaatatcaaaaccagtggaggacccctcggagctaccaaaatggaactacgatggatcaagcacagggcaagctccaggagaagatagtgaagtcatcttatagtaagaaaaaatattgcagtacatgtgattcttcagtaaagcattctagatttctaattctgtctcttctcttgcgctgtcccccctgatttcagcccacaggctatattcaaggacccatttcgaggtggcaacaacatattggtaccatcccttctccttaatgttttatccttttcaaatgtgcttttcatactaacctgcacataaaagattagctgtgcaatggttagtggcgcatgtgaaaaatcgcatgctagctgatacaaaatctgttgtttcaggttatgtgtgatacctacacaccagctggggaacccatccctactaacaaacgtaacagggctgcacaagtattcagtgatccaaaggttgtcagccaagtgccatggtaactaaacatcaagcacttttgtgctataaattacaatagaaaacatggtttttccatctacttttgtttacatgtgaagttgagacattttctatgcactatttttctaggtttggaatagaacaggagtacactttgctccagagagacgtaaactggcctcttggctggcccgttggaggctaccctgggccccaggtattatactgaacaagaatggagctttgttgatcagataataataaagataaggatggtttaagtccatgtgttgtgtatgcttaataaaacactatcatgctggatattacagggtccatactactgcgctgtaggatcggacaaatcgtttggccgtgacatatcagatgctcactacaaggcatgtctttatgctggaattaacattagtggaacaaatggagaggtcatgcctggtcaggtatgtgtgttgttatttgtcaattagttttctgaatcagtggatatgttttaacttctatgaagaacaaatcctagtgtttaacaagtgaaacttcacaatccttattcatgcagtgggagtaccaggttggacctagtgtcggtattgaagctggagaccacatatggatttcaagatatattcttgaggtatttcaaataataataaaatatttccctacataatgaaattttggttcaaataataataataaaatatttccctacataatgaaattttggttttctctcttaattttcaaaccatggtttaaaaatcaagctgcatgcatattattgccaagacgtttacatgtgcacattttgtgatccaccttgacattcttacaaatcgcttgttgaaagccatcatctttgttttgttcaaaacatcagaatgttgcatcctatgaatggctatacttttgcttatatcaatttctgcatcagtaaaagcacttctaattatcgtttgctcactgtaatcagagaataacggagcaggctggtgtagtgcttacccttgaccccaaaccaattcaggtatgtcctagtaaattgtccccaactttaaagcgaatcaaacgttaaaggagactgaacatatataatgtactgacagggagactggaatggagctgggtgccacacaaactacaggtttcattatcttcttctgatgttaaagtatcctgcagcataagaacaaagcttagaacacttaacacagctttgctgacatttttcctttgagagaacaactttgttgaccgaactaatgcctattcagagacaaaaataaattccttgggaatttgataggaaagaaaacatatgtgtaagacctaaaataccaatccaaatacggaccgaatatcaagtgttcgtaggtgttaaatctattatatctataaagtaatagaaaaagaagcctccacgtttgctctcacggtctagaaaatcccccgttaatcgaaagaaaataagaaaaaaagaaaaatagaagggtattaggattaggttttgtgttaacggaaaaaaaaacaaagagtaaacggacaaaaaaagttggaaacggaaaaaaaaagttggaaacggacaaaaaaaaatccaatcggacaagaaagagagaaaaaagtgaaaagggacaaaaaaaaagaaattccaatgttaatcaagaaaaagagaaaaaaaataaccattgggtcatagtagatccagattataacagtttagatttaatatagggtgtgtttggattccaattttttttctaaaaacatcacatcaaatgtttggacacatgtatggagcaataaatgtgaacgaaaaaaaaaccaattgcacagtttgcatgcaaattgcgagacgaatcttttgagcctaattacgccatgattttacaatatgatgctacagtaaacatttgctaataacagattaattaggcttaataaattcgtctcgtagtttcctggcagcatctgtaatttgttttattattggactacgtttaattccttcaaatgtgtgttcatatacttcaaaatttttacacctaaacaactaaacacggccataatagttatataactaatataaatctttttttacggaagcttaaagtaactataggaatcgaagtaaaaaaagcttgagatggaaatgaccaaacaaaccacatgcacaagaaaaaaggaaaaatagaagggtattaggattaggttttgtgtaaatggacaaaaaaacaaagattgggtgtggtgtaaacagacaaaaaaaaagttggaaacggacaaaaaagaaaaaatagaaacggacaagaaagatagaaaaagtgaaaacagacaagaaaaatagaaattccaatgttaatcaagaaaaagagaaaaaaaataaccattgagtcatagtagatccagattataacagtttagatttaatatagggtgtgtttagattccaaaaaattttggcgaaaaacgttacatcaaatgtttggacacatgtatggagcattatatatggacgaaaaaaaccaattgcacagtttgcatgtcaattgcgagacgaatcttttgagcctaattatgccatgatttgataatgtgatgctatagtaaacatttgctaatgacagattaataaggcttaataaattcgtctcgcagtttacaggcggattcagtaatttgttttgttattagtctacgtttagtacttcaaatgtgtgtccgtatacttcaaaatttttacacctaaacaactaaacacggccataatggttatacaactaatataaatcttttttttacggaagcttaaagtaactataggaatcggagtaaaaaaaacttgagatggaaacgatcaaacaaaccacatgcacaaagtttatttctaatttaaccaattggattaagaactaatgcattaacttatttaagtaataagggcatgtttagatccgctgacaagttatttcactctgtcacatcgaacgttttaacacctgtatgaagtatattatgaagtattaaatataggcgaaaaaataactaattgcacagattgcgactaatttgcgagacgaatcttttaagcctaattgctacatgatttgacaatgtggtgctagagtaaacatttgctaatgacggattatttaggcttaataaattcgtctcgcattttacaggcggattctgtaatttgttttgttattagactacgtttaatacttcaaatgtatgtcagtatatccgatgtgacatggcaaaaattttcacccctggatctaaacacagcctaagaaaattggactccgcgtttgctctcatggcctagaaattctcatattaatcgaagtccatatagaaaaacaatttacatagataattaaaaaataatgaatattggaagagaaggctagagttcatactggtgtacaatttataactaattgaaatacggaatcagagaaaaataataatagagtccatatagaaatacaattttaaatagcttaaattcgaaattaaaaaaaggaatattgaaagaaaaaactccatatcagtatacaatttagaactaactaaactttggaattaaaaaaagaaaatataagtagaagtttgagtctatattgaaatacaatttataaccttaatttataaaaataaaaaataaaaaatattgaaataagagtttacaatctatataaaaatacaatttagaaaaaaaaatgaaaatttggaatagaaataaggaatattggtagctagccgcgcagtttgcgcgggccaccatactagttgttattgaatacaaatccagaataagcctgtattcacttcgattgactgaatgaatgttctttgtttctcaaacaattgaaatatactgattgtcttgcaaatgtagcaccaagagtatgcgtgaagatggaggatttgaggtgatcaagaaggcaatcctaaacctatcacttcgccatgacttgcatataagtgcatatggtgaaggaaatgaaaggaggttgacaggtttacacgagacagctagcattgacaatttctcatgggtatggtttcagcggcctttttatatctttatgttttaatttctatttttaagctatactaacgaaacatttcattaaagggtgtggcaaaccgtggatgctctattcgggtggggcgagacaccgaggcgaagggaaaaggtatatgttcttccatgtcccctgaaattgttgtgtttgggattcagaaaacactaacatccactggtatattaagcaaccaattgagccctccaaaaccagagtaacatagtttttatagcaaataagcacatcatgtagtaactgcccctattgctcatttgtacttccgtaattcaatacttcgttgttacgctccaaatatttcaggtttgagttgaaaatacaaacatttttttttctgaaactatgaaagaacacaacatcagcaaatgcatgtcttgtaatgttgttttcacaattcacaaatgtgcaacttagtatttgcatttttcaactcaatcttattaacttgcccttacaatgctaaatctccttgctgataggctacttggaagaccgtcgcccggcatcaaacatggacccgtacgtcgtgacagcgctattggctgaaaccacaattctttgggagccaaccctcgaagcggaggttcttgctgctaagaagttggccctgaaggtatgaagaacttggacgatgaatcggggcaaataaatcccagcaaaatttgtttgctgcccaccagtcttgatcttgtatttcttctgtctggggattggtctgtacaaatctgcagtttctagaaaaccacgccaccttccattcgccagttaacattttggttgaacaccacacttgatctgggtctgtattttgagtccatttgtgagtgacagaacggatgatgaaacacatcagggacacttttaagtttcttcagtcctgcgtccttccctcgaaataaaaatgtttccttgttttttatcccgggct</dnaseqindica>|
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| − | Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001060668.1 RefSeq:Os04g0659100]|
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| − | }}
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| | [[Category:Genes]] | | [[Category:Genes]] |
| | [[Category:Japonica mRNA]] | | [[Category:Japonica mRNA]] |
