In this study, the authors generated an aging atlas of the non-human primate (NHP) retina and adjacent choroid at a single-cell resolution level by single-cell transcriptome sequencing technology. The authors found that oxidative stress is a major aging feature of retinal nerve layer cells and an enhanced inflammatory response is that of RPE and choroidal cells during the aging process. The authors also found that and RPE cells are the most susceptible cell type in the retina aging. This research provides an important resource for identifying new diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for aging-related human retinal diseases.