Here, the authors provide a aging-associated single-cell transcriptomic map for non-human primate pancreatic islet cells. The work describes the gene expression characteristics of α cell, β cell, δ cell and PP cell. Among them, α cells and β cells are more prone to abnormal changes during senescence, and indicating that targeting UPR components may prevent loss of proteostasis, suggesting an avenue to delay β cell aging and prevent aging-related diabetes.