The detail information of Histiocytosis
Basic Information
Disease Description: Histiocytic syndromes are a complex group of disorders which overlap.
Inherit Mode: The disorder has a polygenic mode of inheritance in the Bernese mountain dog. The disorder is also more common in the other breeds listed below.
Disease Symptom: In both systemic and malignant histiocytosis, signs of illness include loss of appetite, weight loss, and lethargy. In systemic histiocytosis, there are skin lesions (crusting, firm nodules, ulcers) but these are uncommon in malignant histiocytosis. Both affect middle-aged to older dogs, while cutaneous histiocytosis occurs in younger dogs.There may be periods of remission with systemic histiocytosis, but ultimately the histiocytes infiltrate other organ systems especially the lungs, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Malignant histiocytosis is a rapidly progressive and invasive disorder, which commonly metastasizes to the lungs.
Disease Cause: -
Disease Diagnose: The clinical signs of this disorder vary depending on where metastasis of abnormal cells occurs. Tumours in the lungs are common, causing respiratory signs such as coughing and shortness of breath. Your veterinarian will likely suspect a tumour based on clinical signs, radiology, and blood tests; he or she will submit tissue samples to a pathologist for histopathologic examination to determine the type of tumour.
Treat Method: Malignant histiocytosis spreads rapidly and metastasis is generally present at the time of diagnosis, so that surgical treatment is ineffective. Dogs with systemic histiocytosis may experience periods of remission, or the disease may progress rapidly. Various types of chemotherapy have been tried for both types of histiocytosis, but with little success.Your veterinarian will work with you to keep your dog as comfortable as possible, until the quality of life deteriorates to the point where euthanasia is the best treatment option.
Breeder Advice: Because this invariably fatal disorder generally does not develop until the dog is middle-aged or older, it can be hard to identify parents that carry the trait. It is very important that the veterinarian and/or owner inform the breeder when this disorder has been diagnosed, so that he or she can modify the breeding programme accordingly, to limit the spread of the harmful gene(s) in the Bernese mountain dog population.
Disease Description Source: Link
Associated Diseases
| Disease Name | Other Name | Mode of inheritance | Link ID | Possible OMIM ID | Gene |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Histiocytosis, malignant | - | Multifactorial | - | TP53 |
Associated Breeds
| iDog Breed Number | Breed Name | Personality | Height | Weight | Breed Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CB34 | Bernese Mountain Dog | Good-natured and calm. | 63.5-71.1 cm (male), 58.4-66 cm (female) | 39-49.9 kg (male), 35.8-49.9 kg (female) | Switzerland |
| CB105 | Flat-Coated Retriever | Happy, confident, intelligent, and forever young | 58.4-62.2 cm (male), 55.9-59.7 cm (female) | 27.2-31.8 kg | United Kingdom |
| CB116 | Golden Retriever | Intelligent, friendly, and devoted. | 58.4-61 cm (male), 54.6-57.2 cm (female) | 29.5-34 kg (male), 24.9-29.5 kg (female) | United Kingdom (Scotland) |
| CB205 | Rottweiler | Reserved with strangers and affectionate and loyal with his family. | 61-68.6 cm (male), 55.9-63.5 cm (female) | 49.9-59 kg (male), 34.9-49.9 kg (female) | Germany |
References
| 2021 |
Evans,J.M.,Parker,H.G.,Rutteman,G.R.,Plassais,J.,Grinwis,G.C.M.,Harris,A.C.,Lana,S.E.,Ostrander,E.A.: :
Multi-omics approach identifies germline regulatory variants associated with hematopoietic malignancies in retriever dog breeds. PLoS Genet 17:e1009543, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33983928 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009543 . |
| 2019 |
Asada,H.,Tomiyasu,H.,Okada,K.,Chambers,J.K.,Goto-Koshino,Y.,Uchida,K.,Kagawa,Y.,Ohno,K.,Tsujimoto,H.: :
Clinical significance of the two-base insertion mutation in the TP53 gene in canine histiocytic sarcoma. Res Vet Sci 124:57-60, 2019. Pubmed reference: 30852355 . DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.003 . |
| 2019 |
Kennedy,K.,Thomas,R.,Durrant,J.,Jiang,T.,Motsinger-Reif,A.,Breen,M.: :
Genome-wide DNA copy number analysis and targeted transcriptional analysis of canine histiocytic malignancies identifies diagnostic signatures and highlights disruption of spindle assembly complex. Chromosome Res :, 2019. Pubmed reference: 31011867 . DOI: 10.1007/s10577-019-09606-0 . |
| 2017 |
Asada,H.,Tsuboi,M.,Chambers,J.K.,Uchida,K.,Tomiyasu,H.,Goto-Koshino,Y.,Ohno,K.,Tsujimoto,H.: :
A 2-base insertion in exon 5 is a common mutation of the TP53 gene in dogs with histiocytic sarcoma. J Vet Med Sci :, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28867679 . DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0197 . |
| 2015 |
Heinrich,F.,Contioso,V.B.,Stein,V.M.,Carlson,R.,Tipold,A.,Ulrich,R.,Puff,C.,Baumgärtner,W.,Spitzbarth,I.: :
Passage-dependent morphological and phenotypical changes of a canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line (DH82 cells). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 163:86-92, 2015. Pubmed reference: 25534080 . DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.006 . |
| 2015 |
Mariani,C.L.,Jennings,M.K.,Olby,N.J.,Borst,L.B.,Brown,J.C.,Robertson,I.D.,Seiler,G.S.,MacKillop,E.: :
Histiocytic sarcoma with central nervous system involvement in dogs: 19 cases (2006-2012). J Vet Intern Med 29:607-13, 2015. Pubmed reference: 25711602 . DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12554 . |
| 2014 |
Barrett,L.E.,Pollard,R.E.,Zwingenberger,A.,Zierenberg-Ripoll,A.,Skorupski,K.A.: :
Radiographic characterization of primary lung tumors in 74 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 55:480-7, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24674604 . DOI: 10.1111/vru.12154 . |
| 2014 |
Boerkamp,K.M.,vanSteenbeek,F.G.,Penning,L.C.,GrootKoerkamp,M.J.,vanLeenen,D.,Vos-Loohuis,M.,Grinwis,G.C.,Rutteman,G.R.: :
The two main forms of histiocytic sarcoma in the predisposed Flatcoated retriever dog display variation in gene expression. PLoS One 9:e98258, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24886914 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098258 . |
| 2014 |
Chikazawa,S.,Kitahara,Y.,Ando,E.,Hori,Y.,Hoshi,F.,Kanai,K.,Ito,N.,Higuchi,S.: :
Erythrophagocytosis enhances heme-dependent cytotoxicity of antimalarial drugs in canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line DH82. J Vet Med Sci 76:249-53, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24065080 . |
| 2014 |
Davis,B.W.,Ostrander,E.A.: :
Domestic dogs and cancer research: a breed-based genomics approach. ILAR J 55:59-68, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24936030 . DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu017 . |
| 2014 |
Denstedt,E.: :
Suspected disseminated histiocytic sarcoma in a 3-year-old Perro de Presa Canario dog. Can Vet J 55:181-4, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24489399 . |
| 2014 |
Empl,M.T.,Macke,S.,Winterhalter,P.,Puff,C.,Lapp,S.,Stoica,G.,Baumgärtner,W.,Steinberg,P.: :
The growth of the canine glioblastoma cell line D-GBM and the canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line DH82 is inhibited by the resveratrol oligomers hopeaphenol and r2-viniferin. Vet Comp Oncol 12:149-59, 2014. Pubmed reference: 22882564 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00349.x . |
| 2014 |
Moore,P.F.: :
A review of histiocytic diseases of dogs and cats. Vet Pathol 51:167-84, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24395976 . DOI: 10.1177/0300985813510413 . |
| 2014 |
Takahashi,M.,Tomiyasu,H.,Hotta,E.,Asada,H.,Fukushima,K.,Kanemoto,H.,Fujino,Y.,Ohno,K.,Uchida,K.,Nakayama,H.,Tsujimoto,H.: :
Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in dogs with histiocytic sarcomas in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 76:661-6, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24441652 . |
| 2014 |
VanderHart,D.J.,Reese,D.J.,Greenberg,S.M.: :
What is your diagnosis? Histiocytic sarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 244:899-901, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24697763 . DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.8.899 . |
| 2013 |
Boerkamp,K.M.,vanderKooij,M.,vanSteenbeek,F.G.,vanWolferen,M.E.,GrootKoerkamp,M.J.,vanLeenen,D.,Grinwis,G.C.,Penning,L.C.,Wiemer,E.A.,Rutteman,G.R.: :
Gene expression profiling of histiocytic sarcomas in a canine model: the predisposed flatcoated retriever dog. PLoS One 8:e71094, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23936488 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071094 . |
| 2013 |
Dobson,J.M.: :
Breed-predispositions to cancer in pedigree dogs. ISRN Vet Sci 2013:941275, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23738139 . DOI: 10.1155/2013/941275 . |
| 2013 |
Erich,S.A.,Rutteman,G.R.,Teske,E.: :
Causes of death and the impact of histiocytic sarcoma on the life expectancy of the Dutch population of Bernese mountain dogs and Flat-coated retrievers. Vet J 198:678-83, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24231621 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.062 . |
| 2013 |
Ito,K.,Kuroki,S.,Kobayashi,M.,Ono,K.,Washizu,T.,Bonkobara,M.: :
Identification of dasatinib as an in vitro potent growth inhibitor of canine histiocytic sarcoma cells. Vet J 196:536-40, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23369384 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.016 . |
| 2013 |
NikolicNielsen,L.,Kjelgaard-Hansen,M.,Kristensen,A.T.: :
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and other inflammatory parameters in Bernese Mountain dogs with disseminated histiocytic sarcoma. Vet J 198:424-8, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23992872 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.030 . |
| 2013 |
Silva,G.,Fachin,A.L.,Beleboni,R.O.,França,S.C.,Marins,M.: :
In vitro action of flavonoids in the canine malignant histiocytic cell line DH82. Molecules 18:15448-63, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24352006 . DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215448 . |
| 2013 |
Thakkar,P.,Pease,A.P.,Guiot,L.P.,Fitzgerald,S.D.,AduAddai,B.,Smedley,R.C.: :
What is your diagnosis? Disseminated histiocytic sarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:1255-7, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24134574 . DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.9.1255 . |
| 2013 |
Yamazaki,H.,Takagi,S.,Hoshino,Y.,Hosoya,K.,Okumura,M.: :
Inhibition of survivin influences the biological activities of canine histiocytic sarcoma cell lines. PLoS One 8:e79810, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24260303 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079810 . |
| 2013 |
Yamazaki,H.,Takagi,S.,Oh,N.,Hoshino,Y.,Hosoya,K.,Okumura,M.: :
Comparative analysis of mRNA expression of surface antigens between histiocytic and nonhistiocytic sarcoma in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 28:204-10, 2013. Pubmed reference: 24428323 . DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12244 . |
| 2013 |
vanKuijk,L.,vanGinkel,K.,deVos,J.P.,Brearley,M.J.,Butinar,J.,Gielen,I.,vanGarderen,E.,Chiers,K.,Verhoeven,P.S.: :
Peri-articular histiocytic sarcoma and previous joint disease in Bernese Mountain Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 27:293-9, 2013. Pubmed reference: 23458888 . DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12059 . |
| 2012 |
Arnold,E.J.,Pressler,B.M.,Heng,H.G.: :
What is your diagnosis? Histiocytic sarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:821-3, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22443434 . DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.7.821 . |
| 2012 |
Hafeman,S.D.,Varland,D.,Dow,S.W.: :
Bisphosphonates significantly increase the activity of doxorubicin or vincristine against canine malignant histiocytosis cells. Vet Comp Oncol 10:44-56, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22236140 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00274.x . |
| 2012 |
Mastrorilli,C.,Spangler,E.A.,Christopherson,P.W.,Aubry,O.A.,Newton,J.C.,Smith,A.N.,Kennis,R.A.,Weismann,J.L.,Moore,P.F.: :
Multifocal cutaneous histiocytic sarcoma in a young dog and review of histiocytic cell immunophenotyping. Vet Clin Pathol 41:412-8, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22747712 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2012.00449.x . |
| 2012 |
Nielsen,L.N.,McEvoy,F.,Jessen,L.R.,Kristensen,A.T.: :
Investigation of a screening programme and the possible identification of biomarkers for early disseminated histiocytic sarcoma in Bernese Mountain dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 10:124-34, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22235831 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00285.x . |
| 2012 |
Sapierzyński,R.,Jagielski,D.,Dolka,I.,Fabisiak,M.: :
Cytopathological diagnosis of visceral histiocytic sarcoma in five dogs. Pol J Vet Sci 15:751-8, 2012. Pubmed reference: 23390766 . |
| 2012 |
Shearin,A.L.,Hedan,B.,Cadieu,E.,Erich,S.A.,Schmidt,E.V.,Faden,D.L.,Cullen,J.,Abadie,J.,Kwon,E.M.,Gröne,A.,Devauchelle,P.,Rimbault,M.,Karyadi,D.M.,Lynch,M.,Galibert,F.,Breen,M.,Rutteman,G.R.,André,C.,Parker,H.G.,Ostrander,E.A.: :
The MTAP-CDKN2A locus confers susceptibility to a naturally occurring canine cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21:1019-27, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22623710 . DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0190-T . |
| 2012 |
Tsai,P.C.,Breen,M.: :
Array-based comparative genomic hybridization-guided identification of reference genes for normalization of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay data for lymphomas, histiocytic sarcomas, and osteosarcomas of dogs. Am J Vet Res 73:1335-43, 2012. Pubmed reference: 22924713 . DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1335 . |
| 2012 |
Tsai,S.,Sutherland-Smith,J.,Burgess,K.,Ruthazer,R.,Sato,A.: :
Imaging characteristics of intrathoracic histiocytic sarcoma in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 53:21-7, 2012. Pubmed reference: 21831241 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01863.x . |
| 2011 |
Constantino-Casas,F.,Mayhew,D.,Hoather,T.M.,Dobson,J.M.: :
The clinical presentation and histopathologic-immunohistochemical classification of histiocytic sarcomas in the Flat Coated Retriever. Vet Pathol 48:764-71, 2011. Pubmed reference: 20930108 . DOI: 10.1177/0300985810385153 . |
| 2011 |
Hedan,B.,Thomas,R.,Motsinger-Reif,A.,Abadie,J.,Andre,C.,Cullen,J.,Breen,M.: :
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of canine histiocytic sarcoma: A spontaneous model for human histiocytic cancer identifies deletion of tumor suppressor genes and highlights influence of genetic background on tumor behavior. BMC Cancer 11:201, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21615919 . DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-201 . |
| 2011 |
Klahn,S.L.,Kitchell,B.E.,Dervisis,N.G.: :
Evaluation and comparison of outcomes in dogs with periarticular and nonperiarticular histiocytic sarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:90-6, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21718201 . DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.1.90 . |
| 2011 |
Soare,T.,Noble,P.J.,Hetzel,U.,Fonfara,S.,Kipar,A.: :
Paraneoplastic syndrome in haemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma in a dog. J Comp Pathol 146:168-74, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21741052 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.05.006 . |
| 2011 |
Sterenczak,K.A.,Kleinschmidt,S.,Wefstaedt,P.,Eberle,N.,Hewicker-Trautwein,M.,Bullerdiek,J.,Nolte,I.,MuruaEscobar,H.: :
Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analyses of HMGB1 and RAGE expression in canine disseminated histiocytic sarcoma (malignant histiocytosis). Anticancer Res 31:1541-8, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21617208 . |
| 2010 |
André,C.,Abadie,J.,Hedan,B.,deBrito,C.,Lagadic,M.,Poujade,A.,Devauchelle,P.: :
Proliférations histiocytaires canines. D’après une étude épidémiologique, clinique et génétique de 100 cas de sarcome histiocytaire chez le Bouvier bernois. [Canine histiocytic proliferations. From an epidemiological, clinical, and genetic study of 100 histiocytic sarcomas in the Bernese mountain dog breed] Pratique médicale et chirurgicale de l’animal de compagnie (PMAC) 45:9-17, 2010. |
| 2010 |
Castellanos,V.C.,O'Neill,S.,Seiler,G.S.: :
What is your diagnosis? Histiocytic sarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 236:1293-4, 2010. Pubmed reference: 20550442 . DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.12.1293 . |
| 2010 |
Friedrichs,K.R.,Thomas,C.,Plier,M.,Andrews,G.A.,Chavey,P.S.,Young,K.M.: :
Evaluation of serum ferritin as a tumor marker for canine histiocytic sarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 24:904-11, 2010. Pubmed reference: 20561186 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0543.x . |
| 2010 |
Hafeman,S.,London,C.,Elmslie,R.,Dow,S.: :
Evaluation of liposomal clodronate for treatment of malignant histiocytosis in dogs. Cancer Immunol Immunother 59:441-52, 2010. Pubmed reference: 19760220 . DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0763-y . |
| 2010 |
Nielsen,L.,Andreasen,SN.,Andersen,SD.,Kristensen,AT.: :
Malignant histiocytosis and other causes of death in Bernese mountain dogs in Denmark. Vet Rec 166:199-202, 2010. Pubmed reference: 20154310 . DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4756 . |
| 2010 |
Rassnick,K.M.,Moore,A.S.,Russell,D.S.,Northrup,N.C.,Kristal,O.,Bailey,D.B.,Flory,A.B.,Kiselow,M.A.,Intile,J.L.: :
Phase II, open-label trial of single-agent CCNU in dogs with previously untreated histiocytic sarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 24:1528-31, 2010. Pubmed reference: 21155191 . |
| 2009 |
Abadie,J.,Hédan,B.,Cadieu,E.,DeBrito,C.,Devauchelle,P.,Bourgain,C.,Parker,H.G.,Vaysse,A.,Margaritte-Jeannin,P.,Galibert,F.,Ostrander,E.A.,André,C.: :
Epidemiology, pathology, and genetics of histiocytic sarcoma in the Bernese mountain dog breed. J Hered 100 Suppl 1:S19-27, 2009. Pubmed reference: 19531730 . DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp039 . |
| 2009 |
Maruo,T.,Namikawa,K.,Kunihiro,A.,Lynch,J.,Shida,T.,Kishikawa,S.: :
Large granular lymphocytic leukaemia complicated with histiocytic sarcoma in a dog. J S Afr Vet Assoc 80:261-3, 2009. Pubmed reference: 20458870 . |
| 2009 |
Wagter,H.W.,Vos,A.J.,vandenIngh,T.: :
[A localised histocytic sarcoma in the stomach of a dog]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 134:526-8, 2009. Pubmed reference: 19579381 . |
| 2008 |
Coleman,K.D.,Lurie,D.M.,Blaik,M.A.,Demuth,G.,Kirkby,K.: :
What is your diagnosis? Histiocytic sarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1801-2, 2008. Pubmed reference: 18598147 . DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.12.1801 . |
| 2007 |
Selting K. :
Histiocytic diseases Côté E, ed. Clinical Veterinary Advisor Dogs and Cats. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier, 2007:523-525 |
| 2007 |
Fulmer,A.K.,Mauldin,G.E.: :
Canine histiocytic neoplasia: an overview. Can Vet J 48:1041-3, 1046-50, 2007. Pubmed reference: 17987966 . |
| 2007 |
Schultz,R.M.,Puchalski,S.M.,Kent,M.,Moore,P.F.: :
Skeletal lesions of histiocytic sarcoma in nineteen dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:539-43, 2007. Pubmed reference: 18018725 . |
| 2006 |
Dobson,J.,Villiers,E.,Roulois,A.,Gould,S.,Mellor,P.,Hoather,T.,Watson,P.: :
Histiocytic sarcoma of the spleen in flat-coated retrievers with regenerative anaemia and hypoproteinaemia. Vet Rec 158:825-9, 2006. Pubmed reference: 16782856 . |
| 2006 |
Soller,J.T.,MuruaEscobar,H.,Janssen,M.,Fork,M.,Bullerdiek,J.,Nolte,I.: :
Cytokine genes single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) screening analyses in canine malignant histiocytosis. Anticancer Res 26:3417-20, 2006. Pubmed reference: 17094461 . |
| 2006 |
Thio,T.,Hilbe,M.,Grest,P.,Pospischil,A.: :
Malignant histiocytosis of the brain in three dogs. J Comp Pathol 134:241-4, 2006. Pubmed reference: 16537081 . DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.09.005 . |
| 2006 |
Voegeli,E.,Welle,M.,Hauser,B.,Dolf,G.,Flückiger,M.: :
[Histiocytic sarcoma in the Swiss population of Bernese mountain dogs: a retrospective study of its genetic predisposition]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 148:281-8, 2006. Pubmed reference: 16826705 . DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281.148.6.281 . |
| 2006 |
Zavodovskaya,R.,Liao,AT.,Jones,CL.,Yip,B.,Chien,MB.,Moore,PF.,London,CA.: :
Evaluation of dysregulation of the receptor tyrosine kinases Kit, Flt3, and Met in histiocytic sarcomas of dogs. Am J Vet Res 67:633-41, 2006. Pubmed reference: 16579756 . DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.4.633 . |
| 1996 |
Ramsey,I.K.,Mckay,J.S.,Rudorf,H.,Dobson,J.M.: :
Malignant histiocytosis in three Bernese Mountain dogs Veterinary Record 138:440-444, 1996. Pubmed reference: 8735262 . |
| 1995 |
Padgett,G.A.,Madewell,B.R.,Keller,E.T.,Todar,L.,Packard,M.: :
Inheritance of histiocytosis in Bernese mountain dogs Journal of Small Animal Practice 36:93-98, 1995. Pubmed reference: 7783441 . |
| 1995 |
Paterson,S.,Boydell,P.,Pike,R.: :
Systemic histiocytosis in the Bernese mountain dog Journal of Small Animal Practice 36:233-236, 1995. Pubmed reference: 7650919 . |
| 1993 |
Hayden,D.W.,Waters,D.J.,Burke,B.A.,Manivel,J.C.: :
Disseminated Malignant Histiocytosis in a Golden Retriever - Clinicopathologic, Ultrastructural, and Immunohistochemical Findings Veterinary Pathology 30:256-264, 1993. Pubmed reference: 8333107 . |
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Sargan DR. :
Histiocytosis IDID - Inherited diseases in dogs:web-based information for canine inherited disease genetics. |