Summary: COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which infected >200 million people resulting in >4 million deaths. However, temporal landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 translatome and its impact on the human genome remain unexplored. Here, we report a high-resolution atlas of the translatome and transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2 for various time points after infecting human cells. Intriguingly, substantial amount of SARS-CoV-2 translation initiates at a novel translation initiation site (TIS) located in the leader sequence, termed TIS-L. Since TIS-L is included in all the genomic and subgenomic RNAs, the SARS-CoV-2 translatome may be regulated by a sophisticated interplay between TIS-L and downstream TISs. TIS-L functions as a strong translation enhancer for ORF S, and as translation suppressors for most of the other ORFs. Our global temporal atlas provides compelling insight into unique regulation of the SARS-CoV-2 translatome and helps comprehensively evaluate its impact on the human genome.
Overall Design: mRNA-seq, RPF-seq, QTI-seq, and sRNA-seq experiments at uninfected state and at 0, 1, 2, 4, 12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 hpi upon SARS-CoV-2 infection in human Calu-3 cell lines.
Calu-3 cells were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin
Treatment Protocol:
Prior to lysis, cells were seeded in 100mm dishes, and treated cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 (MOI = 0.1). At 48 hpi, both mock and treated dishes for RPF, QTI, and mRNA-seq were treated with either 100 μg/ml cycloheximide (CHX) or 2 µg/ml harringtonine (Harr) for 10 min.
Extract Protocol:
For sRNA-seq, RNA was extracted using Trizol. For rest, cells were washed with PBS then lysed with lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 5 mM MgCl2, 100 mM KCl, 1% Triton X-100, 100 μg/ml CHX, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.2 U/μl RiboLock RNase inhibitor, and 1 × EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail). For RPF-seq and QTI-seq, lysates were treated with RNase I and ribosome protected fragments were isolated using illustra MicroSpin S-400 HR Columns (GE Healthcare).
Library Construction Protocol:
All of the libraries (mRNA-seq, RPF-seq, QTI-seq, and sRNA-seq) were constructed following the Illumina Truseq small RNA library preparation protocol (TruSeq Small RNA Library Prep Guide, Part # 15004197 Rev. G)
Sequencing
Molecule Type:
rRNA- RNA
Library Source:
Library Layout:
SINGLE
Library Strand:
Reverse
Platform:
ILLUMINA
Instrument Model:
Illumina HiSeq 2500
Strand-Specific:
Specific
Samples
Basic Information:
Sample Characteristic:
Biological Condition:
Experimental Variables:
Protocol:
Sequencing:
Assessing Quality:
Data Resource
GEN Sample ID
GEN Dataset ID
Project ID
BioProject ID
Sample ID
Sample Name
BioSample ID
Sample Accession
Experiment Accession
Release Date
Submission Date
Update Date
Species
Race
Ethnicity
Age
Age Unit
Gender
Source Name
Tissue
Cell Type
Cell Subtype
Cell Line
Disease
Disease State
Development Stage
Mutation
Phenotype
Condition Detail
Growth Protocol
Treatment Protocol
Extract Protocol
Library Construction Protocol
Molecule Type
Library Layout
Strand-Specific
Library Strand
Spike-In
Strategy
Platform
Instrument Model
Cell Number
Reads Number
Gbases
AvgSpotLen1
AvgSpotLen2
Uniq Mapping Rate
Multiple Mapping Rate
Coverage Rate
Publications
A high-resolution temporal atlas of the SARS-CoV-2 translatome and transcriptome.