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Neurology
09 15, 2020;95 (11): e1590-e1598.

Neuronal antibody prevalence in children with seizures under 3 years: A prospective national cohort.

Joseph D Symonds, Teresa C Moloney, Bethan Lang, Ailsa McLellan, Mary E O'Regan, Stewart MacLeod, Alice Jollands, Angela Vincent, Martin Kirkpatrick, Andreas Brunklaus, Jayakara Shetty, Liam Dorris, Kirsten Forbes, Ishaq Abu-Arafeh, Jamie Andrew, Philip Brink, Mary Callaghan, Jamie Cruden, Christine Findlay, Rosemary Grattan, Jane MacDonnell, Jean McKnight, Calum A Morrison, Lesley Nairn, Elizabeth Pilley, Elma Stephen, Selina Thomsen, Alan Webb, Margaret Wilson, Sameer M Zuberi
Author Information
  1. Joseph D Symonds: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  2. Teresa C Moloney: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  3. Bethan Lang: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  4. Ailsa McLellan: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  5. Mary E O'Regan: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  6. Stewart MacLeod: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  7. Alice Jollands: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  8. Angela Vincent: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  9. Martin Kirkpatrick: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  10. Andreas Brunklaus: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  11. Jayakara Shetty: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  12. Liam Dorris: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  13. Kirsten Forbes: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  14. Ishaq Abu-Arafeh: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  15. Jamie Andrew: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  16. Philip Brink: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  17. Mary Callaghan: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  18. Jamie Cruden: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  19. Christine Findlay: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  20. Rosemary Grattan: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  21. Jane MacDonnell: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  22. Jean McKnight: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  23. Calum A Morrison: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  24. Lesley Nairn: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  25. Elizabeth Pilley: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  26. Elma Stephen: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  27. Selina Thomsen: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  28. Alan Webb: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  29. Margaret Wilson: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK.
  30. Sameer M Zuberi: From the Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group (J.D.S., M.E.O., S.M., A.B., L.D., M.W., S.M.Z.), Royal Hospital for Children; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences (J.D.S., A.B., L.D., S.M.Z.), University of Glasgow; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.C.M., B.L., A.V., S.T.), John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford; Department of Paediatric Neurosciences (A.M., J.S.), Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Paediatric Neurology (A.J., M.K., P.B., E.P.), Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee; Neuroradiology (K.F.), Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow; Department of Paediatrics (I.A.-A., R.G.), Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert; Department of Paediatrics (J.A., M.C.), University Hospital Wishaw; Department of Paediatrics (J.C.), Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy; Department of Paediatrics (C.F., C.A.M.), University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock; Department of Paediatrics (J. MacDonnell), Borders General Hospital, Melrose; Department of Paediatrics (J. McKnight), Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary; Department of Paediatrics (L.N.), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley; Paediatric Neurology (E.S.), Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital; and Department of Paediatrics (A.W.), Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK. sameerzuberi@nhs.net.
PMID: 32690789 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010318

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of anti-neuronal antibodies in a prospective whole-nation cohort of children presenting with seizures before their third birthday.
METHODS: This was a prospective population-based national cohort study involving all children presenting with new-onset epilepsy or complex febrile seizures before their third birthday over a 3-year period. patients with previously identified structural, metabolic, or infectious cause for seizures were excluded. Serum samples were obtained at first presentation and tested for 7 neuronal antibodies using live cell-based assays. Clinical data were collected with structured proformas at recruitment and 24 months after presentation. In addition, patients with seizures and clinically suspected autoimmune encephalitis were independently identified by a review of the case records of all children <3 years of age in Scotland who had undergone EEG.
RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-eight patients were identified and recruited and underwent autoantibody testing. Antibody positivity was identified in 18 of 298 (6.0%). The antibodies identified were GABA receptor B (n = 8, 2.7%), contactin-associated protein 2 (n = 4, 1.3%), glycine receptor (n = 3, 1.0%), leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (n = 2, 0.7%), NMDA receptor (n = 1, 0.3%), and GABA receptor A (n = 1, 0.3%). None of these patients had a clinical picture of autoimmune encephalitis. Seizure classification and clinical phenotype did not correlate with antibody positivity.
CONCLUSIONS: autoimmune encephalitis is very rare in early childhood. However serum neuronal antibodies are identified in 6.4% of children presenting with seizures at <3 years of age. Antibody testing should not be a routine clinical test in early childhood-onset epilepsy because, in the absence of other features of autoimmune encephalitis, antibody positivity is of doubtful clinical significance. Antibody testing should be reserved for patients with additional features of encephalitis.

MeSH Term

Autoantibodies
Child, Preschool
Cohort Studies
Encephalitis
Female
Hashimoto Disease
Humans
Infant
Male
Prospective Studies
Seizures
United Kingdom

Chemicals

Autoantibodies
Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Article has an altmetric score of 4

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0seizuresidentifiedn=childrenencephalitis1antibodiespatientsreceptorclinicalprospectivecohortpresentingautoimmunetestingAntibodypositivity23%0antibodyprevalencethirdbirthdaynationalepilepsypresentationneuronal<3yearsage60%GABA7%3earlyfeaturesOBJECTIVE:reportanti-neuronalwhole-nationMETHODS:population-basedstudyinvolvingnew-onsetcomplexfebrile3-yearperiodPatientspreviouslystructuralmetabolicinfectiouscauseexcludedSerumsamplesobtainedfirsttested7usinglivecell-basedassaysClinicaldatacollectedstructuredproformasrecruitment24monthsadditionclinicallysuspectedindependentlyreviewcaserecordsScotlandundergoneEEGRESULTS:Twohundredninety-eightrecruitedunderwentautoantibody18298B8contactin-associatedprotein4glycineleucine-richgliomainactivatedNMDANonepictureSeizureclassificationphenotypecorrelateCONCLUSIONS:AutoimmunerarechildhoodHoweverserum4%routinetestchildhood-onsetabsencedoubtfulsignificancereservedadditionalNeuronalyears:

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