Achieving pro-poor growth and environmental sustainability agenda through information technologies: as right as rain.

Muhammad Imran, Khan Burhan Khan, Khalid Zaman, Mohammed Borhandden Musah, Elih Sudiapermana, Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz, Rahimah Embong, Zainudin Bin Hassan, Mohd Khata Jabor, Siti Nisrin Mohd Anis
Author Information
  1. Muhammad Imran: Department of Economics, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, Pakistan.
  2. Khan Burhan Khan: Department of International Business and Marketing (IB&M), NUST Business School, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
  3. Khalid Zaman: Department of Economics, University of Haripur, Haripur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. khalid_zaman786@yahoo.com.
  4. Mohammed Borhandden Musah: Department of Education Studies, Bahrain Teachers College, University of Bahrain, P. O. Box 32038, Sakheer, Kingdom of Bahrain.
  5. Elih Sudiapermana: Department of Community Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Jawa Barat, 40154, Indonesia.
  6. Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz: Faculty of Leadership and Management, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
  7. Rahimah Embong: Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia.
  8. Zainudin Bin Hassan: Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
  9. Mohd Khata Jabor: Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
  10. Siti Nisrin Mohd Anis: Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.

Abstract

The pro-poor growth and environmental sustainability are the twin agendas widely discussed in environmental science literature. The technology-embodied growth helps to attain both agendas through knowledge sharing and technology transfer, which trickle down to the poor income group and improve their living standards. Hence, the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is deemed crucial in boosting economic growth and is under deep consideration to establish its role in reducing poverty and environmental pollution. The current study examines the long-run relationship between ICTs, poverty reduction, and ecological degradation in Pakistan using time series data from 1975-2018. The short- and long-run parameter estimates were obtained through the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model for robust inferences. The results substantiate the inverted U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship between income and emissions with a turning point at US$1000 in the short-run and US$800 in the long-run. The results confirmed the decisive intervention of ICTs factors in the poverty reduction, i.e., computer communications and mobile-telephone-broadband subscriptions support to reduce poverty incidence with the mediation of inbound FDI in a country. As far as income inequality is concerned, it shows that computer services support minimizing income inequality via a channel of high-technology exports in a country. The technology embodied emissions verified in the long-run, where mobile-telephone-broadband subscriptions increase carbon emissions. Finally, mobile-telephone-broadband subscriptions and inbound FDI both are significant contributors to amplify the country's economic growth. The results conclude that poverty reduction and environmental sustainability agenda are achieved by developing green ICT infrastructure in a country.

Keywords

References

  1. Abor JY, Amidu M, Issahaku H (2018) Mobile telephony, financial inclusion and inclusive growth. J Afr Bus 19(3):430–453 [DOI: 10.1080/15228916.2017.1419332]
  2. Adams S, Klobodu EKM (2017) Capital flows and the distribution of income in sub-Saharan Africa. Economic Analysis and Policy 55:169–178 [DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2017.05.006]
  3. Afshan S, Sharif A, Nassani AA, Abro MM, Batool R, Zaman K (2020) The role of information and communication technology (internet penetration) on Asian stock market efficiency: evidence from quantile-on-quantile cointegration and causality approach. Int J Financ Econ, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1908 .
  4. Ahmad M, Li H, Anser MK, Rehman A, Fareed Z, Yan Q, Jabeen G (2020a) Are the intensity of energy use, land agglomeration, CO2 emissions, and economic progress dynamically interlinked across development levels?. Energy & Environment, https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X20949471
  5. Ahmad M, Zhao ZY, Irfan M, Mukeshimana MC, Rehman A, Jabeen G, Li H (2020b) Modeling heterogeneous dynamic interactions among energy investment, SO 2 emissions and economic performance in regional China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(3):2730–2744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07044-3 [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07044-3]
  6. Ahmed EM (2010) Information and communications technology effects on East Asian productivity. J Knowl Econ 1(3):191–201 [DOI: 10.1007/s13132-010-0013-8]
  7. Aldakhil AM, Zaheer A, Younas S, Nassani AA, Abro MMQ, Zaman K (2019) Efficiently managing green information and communication technologies, high-technology exports, and research and development expenditures: A case study. J Clean Prod 240:118164 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118164]
  8. Amone W, Kamuganga DN, Makombe G (2019) Promoting agricultural productivity and inclusive growth in Uganda. In Socio-Economic Development: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 1528-1541). IGI Global.
  9. Amri F (2018) Carbon dioxide emissions, total factor productivity, ICT, trade, financial development, and energy consumption: testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Tunisia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(33):33691–33701 [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3331-1]
  10. Anser MK, Khan MA, Awan U, Batool R, Zaman K, Imran M, Sasmoko, Indrianti Y, Khan A, Bakar ZA (2020a) The role of technological innovation in a dynamic model of the environmental supply chain curve: evidence from a panel of 102 countries. Processes 8(9):1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091033 [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091033]
  11. Anser MK, Khan MA, Nassani AA, Askar SE, Abro MMQ, Zaman K, Kabbani A (2020b) The mediating role of ICTs in the relationship between international tourism and environmental degradation: fit as a fiddle. Environ Sci Pollut Res https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10954-2 .
  12. Anser MK, Ahmad M, Khan MA, Zaman K, Nassani AA, Askar SE, Abro MMQ Kabbani A (2021) The role of information and communication technologies in mitigating carbon emissions: evidence from panel quantile regression. Environ Sci Pollut Res, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12114-y .
  13. Asongu S, Boateng A (2018) Introduction to special issue: mobile technologies and inclusive development in Africa. J Afr Bus 19(3):297–301 [DOI: 10.1080/15228916.2018.1481307]
  14. Asongu SA, Nwachukwu JC (2018a) Recent finance advances in information technology for inclusive development: a systematic review. NETNOMICS: Economic Research and Electronic Networking 19(1-2):65–93 [DOI: 10.1007/s11066-018-9127-0]
  15. Asongu SA, Nwachukwu JC (2018b) Comparative human development thresholds for absolute and relative pro-poor mobile banking in developing countries. Inf Technol People 31(1):63–83 [DOI: 10.1108/ITP-12-2015-0295]
  16. Asongu SA, Odhiambo NM (2019) How enhancing information and communication technology has affected inequality in Africa for sustainable development: an empirical investigation. Sustain Dev 27(4):647–656 [DOI: 10.1002/sd.1929]
  17. Asongu SA, Le Roux S, Biekpe N (2018) Enhancing ICT for environmental sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 127:209–216 [DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.022]
  18. Awan U (2020) Industrial ecology in support of sustainable development goals. In: Leal FW, Azul A, Brandli L, Özuyar P, Wall T (eds) Responsible Consumption and Production. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71062-4_18-1 [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71062-4_18-1]
  19. Awan U, Khattak A, Kraslawski A (2019) Corporate social responsibility (CSR) priorities in the small and medium enterprises (SMeEs) of the industrial sector of Sialkot, Pakistan. In: Golinska-Dawson P, Spychała M (eds) Corporate Social Responsibility in the Manufacturing and Services Sectors. EcoProduction (Environmental Issues in Logistics and Manufacturing). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33851-9_15 [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33851-9_15]
  20. Awan U, Kanwal N, Bhutta MKS (2020a) A literature analysis of definitions for a circular economy. In: Golinska-Dawson P (ed) Logistics Operations and Management for Recycling and Reuse. EcoProduction (Environmental Issues in Logistics and Manufacturing). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33857-1_2 [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33857-1_2]
  21. Awan U, Kraslawski A, Huiskonen J (2020b) Progress from blue to the green world: multilevel governance for pollution prevention planning and sustainability. In: Hussain C (ed) Handbook of Environmental Materials Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_177-1 [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_177-1]
  22. Awan U, Sroufe R, Shahbaz M (2021) Industry 4.0 and the circular economy: a literature review and recommendations for future research. Business Strategy and the Environment; https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2731 .
  23. Balakrishnan P (2011) Globalization and development: India Since 1991. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries 8(2):49–60 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2011.02.005]
  24. Barry JJ (2018) Information communication technology and poverty alleviation: promoting good governance in the developing world. Routledge.
  25. Batool R, Sharif A, Islam T, Zaman K, Shoukry AM, Sharkawy MA, Gani S, Aamir A, Hishan SS (2019) Green is clean: the role of ICT in resource management. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(24):25341–25358 [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05748-0]
  26. Bauer JM (2018) The Internet and income inequality: socio-economic challenges in a hyperconnected society. Telecommun Policy 42(4):333–343 [DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2017.05.009]
  27. Bourguignon F (2004) The poverty-growth-inequality triangle (No. 125). Working paper.
  28. Britz JJ (2018) The internet: the missing link between the information rich and the information poor?. In Localizing the Internet (pp. 263-277). Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
  29. Cecchini S (2018) Information and communications technology for poverty reduction in rural India. Washington D.C, World Bank
  30. Cesaroni T, D'Elia E, De Santis R (2019) Inequality in EMU: is there a core periphery dualism? The Journal of Economic Asymmetries 20:e00121 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2019.e00121]
  31. Chandio AA, Jiang Y, Rehman A, Rauf A (2020) Short and long-run impacts of climate change on agriculture: an empirical evidence from China. Int J Clim Chang Strateg Manag 12(2):201–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-05-2019-0026 [DOI: 10.1108/IJCCSM-05-2019-0026]
  32. Cheng Y, Awan U, Ahmad S, Tan Z (2020) How do technological innovation and fiscal decentralization affect the environment? A story of the fourth industrial revolution and sustainable growth. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 162:120398 [DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120398]
  33. Cheng Y, Awan U, Ahmad S, Tan Z (2021) How do technological innovation and fiscal decentralization affect the environment? A story of the fourth industrial revolution and sustainable growth. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 162:120398 [DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120398]
  34. Chishti MZ, Ahmad M, Rehman A, Khan MK (2021) Mitigations pathways towards sustainable development: assessing the influence of fiscal and monetary policies on carbon emissions in BRICS economies. J Clean Prod 292:126035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126035 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126035]
  35. Cirera X, Maloney WF (2017) The innovation paradox: developing-country capabilities and the unrealized promise of technological catch-up. The World Bank.
  36. Davis FD (1993) User acceptance of information technology: system characteristics, user perceptions and behavioral impacts. Int J Man-Mach Stud 38(3):475–487 [DOI: 10.1006/imms.1993.1022]
  37. Development Assistance Committee (2001) Rising to the global challenge: partnership for reducing world poverty. In policy statement by the DAC High Level Meeting upon endorsement of the DAC Guidelines on Poverty Reduction, OECD iLibrary, Washington D.C.
  38. Devereux S (2016) Social protection for enhanced food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Food Policy 60:52–62 [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.03.009]
  39. Dutta S, Mia I (2007) Global information technology report 2006-2007: connecting to the networked Economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Online available at: https://ictlogy.net/bibliography/reports/projects.php?idp=596 . Accessed 15 June 2020
  40. Economic Survey of Pakistan (2018). Pakistan Economic Survey 2017-2018 Pakistan statistical bureau, planning commissions, Policy Wing, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  41. Economic Survey of Pakistan (2020) Pakistan Economic Survey, 2019-2020. Pakistan statistical bureau, planning commissions, Policy Wing, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  42. Economic Survey of Pakistan (various issues) Pakistan Economic Survey, various issues. Pakistan statistical bureau, planning commissions, Policy Wing, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  43. Ejemeyovwi JO, Osabuohien ES (2020) Investigating the relevance of mobile technology adoption on inclusive growth in West Africa. Contemporary Social Science 15(1):48–61 [DOI: 10.1080/21582041.2018.1503320]
  44. Ezell SJ (2012) The benefits of ITA expansion for developing countries. ITIF, December, 2. Online available at: http://www2.itif.org/2012-benefits-ita-developing-countries.pdf (accessed on 15th October, 2019).
  45. Ferraro D, Peretto PF (2020) Innovation-led growth in a time of debt. Eur Econ Rev 121:103350 [DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.103350]
  46. Forkuor D, Agyemang S (2018) Fighting urban poverty in Ghana: the role of non-governmental organizations. In Urban Forum (Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 127-145). Springer Netherlands.
  47. Ghartey EE (2007) An empirical study of economic growth and expanding role of government in Ghana: 1965–2004. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries 4(1):133–148 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2007.01.010]
  48. Goggin G, Yu H, Fisher KR, Li B (2019) Disability, technology innovation and social development in China and Australia. J Asian Public Policy 12(1):34–50 [DOI: 10.1080/17516234.2018.1492067]
  49. Gollakota K, Pick JB, Sathyapriya P (2012) Using technology to alleviate poverty: use and acceptance of telecenters in rural India. Inf Technol Dev 18(3):185–208 [DOI: 10.1080/02681102.2011.643195]
  50. Haftu GG (2019) Information communications technology and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: a panel data approach. Telecommun Policy 43(1):88–99 [DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2018.03.010]
  51. Hassan SA, Zaman K, Gul S (2015) The relationship between growth-inequality-poverty triangle and environmental degradation: unveiling the reality. Arab Economic and Business Journal 10(1):57–71 [DOI: 10.1016/j.aebj.2014.05.007]
  52. Hishan SS, Khan A, Ahmad J, Hassan ZB, Zaman K, Qureshi MI (2019) Access to clean technologies, energy, finance, and food: environmental sustainability agenda and its implications on Sub-Saharan African countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(16):16503–16518 [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05056-7]
  53. International Telecommunication Union (2015).Measuring information society report. Geneva. Online available at: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU/D/Statistics/Documents/publications/misr2015/MISR2015-w5.pdf (Accessed on 15th Sept 2019).
  54. Jacob S (1966) Invention and economic growth. J. Schmookler.–Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press.
  55. Johnson OD (2016) Information and communication technologies adoption and inclusive growth: The ICT-inclusive growth pyramid approach. Unpublished Masters Dissertation submitted to Department of Economics & Development Studies, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
  56. Kakwani N, Pernia EM (2000) What is pro-poor growth? Asian Dev Rev 18(1):1–16
  57. Kannan KP (2017) Interrogating inclusive growth: poverty and inequality in India. Routledge India.
  58. Kapoor R (2020) Technology, jobs and inequality: evidence from India’s manufacturing sector. In: Aggarwal S, Das D, Banga R (eds) Accelerators of India's Growth—Industry, Trade and Employment. India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9397-7_14 [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9397-7_14]
  59. Kelles-Viitanen A (1999) Social inclusion of vulnerable groups In background paper for the ADB/World Bank Social Forum, Manila (pp. 9-12).
  60. Khan HUR, Zaman K, Khan A, Islam T (2017) Quadrilateral relationship between information and communications technology, patent applications, research and development expenditures, and growth factors: evidence from the group of seven (G-7) countries. Soc Indic Res 133(3):1165–1191 [DOI: 10.1007/s11205-016-1402-6]
  61. Khan HUR, Nassani AA, Aldakhil AM, Abro MMQ, Islam T, Zaman K (2019a) Pro-poor growth and sustainable development framework: evidence from two step GMM estimator. J Clean Prod 206:767–784 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.195]
  62. Khan HUR, Zaman K, Yousaf SU, Shoukry AM, Gani S, Sharkawy MA (2019b) Socio-economic and environmental factors influenced pro-poor growth process: new development triangle. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(28):29157–29172 [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06065-2]
  63. Kumar Mishra A, Satapathy S, Patra B, Patro RP (2019) Distributional change, income mobility and pro-poor growth: evidence from India. J Asia Pac Econ 24(2):252–269 [DOI: 10.1080/13547860.2019.1576492]
  64. Levenberg L (2018) Weak states, strong backbones: telecommunications policy and internet infrastructure development in Ghana, Nigeria, and Liberia (Doctoral dissertation, George Mason University).
  65. Leyshon A, Thrift N, Pratt J (1998) Reading financial services: texts, consumers, and financial literacy. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16(1):29–55 [DOI: 10.1068/d160029]
  66. Lowe B, Hasan MR, Jose SV (2018) A conceptual model of pro-poor innovation adoption in the bop and subsistence marketplaces. In Bottom of the Pyramid Marketing: Making, Shaping and Developing BOP Markets(pp. 111-133). Emerald Publishing Limited.
  67. Malerba D (2020) The trade-off between poverty reduction and carbon emissions, and the role of economic growth and inequality: an empirical cross-country analysis using a novel indicator. Soc Indic Res 150:587–615 [DOI: 10.1007/s11205-020-02332-9]
  68. Mirza MU, Richter A, van Nes EH, Scheffer M (2019) Technology driven inequality leads to poverty and resource depletion. Ecol Econ 160:215–226 [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.02.015]
  69. Mohd Daud SN, Ahmad AH, Ngah WASW (2020) Financialization, digital technology and income inequality. Applied Economics Letters, https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2020.1808165
  70. Mujeed S, Li S, Jabeen M, Nassani AA, Askar SE, Zaman K et al (2021) Technowomen: Women’s Autonomy and Its Impact on Environmental Quality. Sustainability 13(4):1611 [DOI: 10.3390/su13041611]
  71. Mushtaq R, Bruneau C (2019) Microfinance, financial inclusion and ICT: Implications for poverty and inequality. Technol Soc 59:101154
  72. Nabi AA, Shahid ZA, Mubashir KA, Ali A, Iqbal A, Zaman K (2020) Relationship between population growth, price level, poverty incidence, and carbon emissions in a panel of 98 countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:31778–31792 [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08465-1]
  73. Neaime S, Gaysset I (2018) Financial inclusion and stability in MENA: evidence from poverty and inequality. Financ Res Lett 24:230–237 [DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2017.09.007]
  74. Nguyen TT, Pham TAT, Tram HTX (2020) Role of information and communication technologies and innovation in driving carbon emissions and economic growth in selected G-20 countries. J Environ Manag 261:110162 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110162]
  75. Nizam HA, Zaman K, Khan KB, Batool R, Khurshid MA, Shoukry AM et al (2020) Achieving environmental sustainability through information technology: “Digital Pakistan” initiative for green development. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:10011–10026 [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07683-x]
  76. Park D, Shin K (2017) Economic growth, financial development, and income inequality. Emerg Mark Financ Trade 53(12):2794–2825 [DOI: 10.1080/1540496X.2017.1333958]
  77. Paynter M (2004) Social and economic inclusion: an international bibliography. Online available at: https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/22244/ACEWH_SEI_bibliography_2004.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed on 11 Jan 2019).
  78. Peña-López I (2011) Measuring the impacts of information and communication technology for development. In United nations conference on trade and development. UNCTAD
  79. Pesaran HM, Shin Y, Smith RJ (2001) Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. J Appl Econ 16:289–326 [DOI: 10.1002/jae.616]
  80. PSEB (2017) PSEB IT awards 2017. Pakistan Software Export Board, Ministry of I.T. & Telecom, Islamabad, Government of Pakistan.
  81. Qureshi MI, Qayyum S, Nassani AA, Aldakhil AM, Abro MMQ, Zaman K (2019) Management of various socio-economic factors under the United Nations sustainable development agenda. Res Policy 64:101515 [DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101515]
  82. Rehman A, Ozturk I, Zhang D (2019) The causal connection between CO2 emissions and agricultural productivity in Pakistan: empirical evidence from an autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach. Applied Sciences 9(8):1692. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9081692 [DOI: 10.3390/app9081692]
  83. Rehman A, Ma H, Irfan M, Ahmad M (2020a) Does carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and GHG emissions influence the agriculture? Evidence from China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(23):28768–28779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08912-z [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08912-z]
  84. Rehman A, Ma H, Ozturk I (2020b) Decoupling the climatic and carbon dioxide emission influence to maize crop production in Pakistan. Air Qual Atmos Health 13(6):695–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00825-7 [DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00825-7]
  85. Rehman A, Ma H, Chishti MZ, Ozturk I, Irfan M, Ahmad M (2021a) Asymmetric investigation to track the effect of urbanization, energy utilization, fossil fuel energy and CO 2 emission on economic efficiency in China: another outlook. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12186-w
  86. Rehman A, Ma H, Ahmad M, Irfan M, Traore O, Chandio AA (2021b) Towards environmental sustainability: devolving the influence of carbon dioxide emission to population growth, climate change, Forestry, livestock and crops production in Pakistan. Ecol Indic 125:107460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107460 [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107460]
  87. Richmond K, Triplett RE (2018) ICT and income inequality: a cross-national perspective. Int Rev Appl Econ 32(2):195–214 [DOI: 10.1080/02692171.2017.1338677]
  88. Rusliyadi M, Jamil ABHM, Othman M, Maseleno A, Kumalasari RT (2018) Agricultural extension policy, agricultural growth and poverty reduction in Indonesia. Int J Eng Technol 7(4):5539–5550
  89. Sakamoto T (2018) Four worlds of productivity growth: a comparative analysis of human capital investment policy and productivity growth outcomes. Int Polit Sci Rev 39(4):531–550 [DOI: 10.1177/0192512116685413]
  90. SBP (2018) The state Of Pakistan’s Economy: Third Quarterly Report for the year 2017-18 of the Board of Directors of State Bank of Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan.
  91. Schumpeter JA (2017) Theory of economic development. Routledge.
  92. Skinner C, Meyer DR, Cook K, Fletcher M (2017) Child maintenance and social security interactions: The poverty reduction effects in model lone parent families across four countries. J Soc Policy 46(3):495–516
  93. Sohag K, Kalugina O, Samargandi N (2019) Re-visiting environmental Kuznets curve: role of scale, composite, and technology factors in OECD countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(27):27726–27737 [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05965-7]
  94. Solow RM (1956) A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Q J Econ 70(1):65–94 [DOI: 10.2307/1884513]
  95. Tchamyou VS (2019) The role of information sharing in modulating the effect of financial access on inequality. J Afr Bus 20(3):317–338 [DOI: 10.1080/15228916.2019.1584262]
  96. Tchamyou VS, Erreygers G, Cassimon D (2019) Inequality, ICT and financial access in Africa. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 139:169–184 [DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.11.004]
  97. Ucal M, Haug AA, Bilgin MH (2016) Income inequality and FDI: evidence with Turkish data. Appl Econ 48(11):1030–1045 [DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2015.1093081]
  98. UNDP (2018) Multidimensional poverty in Pakistan. Online available at: https://www.undp.org/content/dam/pakistan/docs/MPI/Multidimensional%20Poverty%20in%20Pakistan.pdf (accessed on 22 February, 2019).
  99. Verma P, Sinha N (2018) Integrating perceived economic wellbeing to technology acceptance model: The case of mobile based agricultural extension service. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 126:207–216 [DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.08.013]
  100. Wang Z, Rasool Y, Asghar MM, Wang B (2019) Dynamic linkages among CO 2 emissions, human development, financial development, and globalization: empirical evidence based on PMG long-run panel estimation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(36):36248–36263 [DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06556-2]
  101. WDI (2019) World Development Indicators. World Bank, Washington D.C
  102. White H, Anderson E (2001) Growth versus distribution: does the pattern of growth matter? Dev Policy Rev 19(3):267–289 [DOI: 10.1111/1467-7679.00134]
  103. Yameogo CE, Dauda RO (2020) The effect of income inequality and economic growth on environmental quality: a comparative analysis between Burkina Faso and Nigeria. J Public Aff:e2566. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2566
  104. Yan Z, Du K, Yang Z, Deng M (2017) Convergence or divergence? Understanding the global development trend of low-carbon technologies. Energy Policy 109:499–509 [DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.024]
  105. Yazdan GF, Hossein SSM (2013) FDI and ICT effects on productivity growth. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 93:1710–1715 [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.104]
  106. Yousefi A (2011) The impact of information and communication technology on economic growth: evidence from developed and developing countries. Econ Innov New Technol 20(6):581–596 [DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2010.544470]
  107. Yusuf AA, Sumner A (2015) Growth, poverty, and inequality under Jokowi. Bull Indones Econ Stud 51(3):323–348 [DOI: 10.1080/00074918.2015.1110685]
  108. Zaman K (2015) Measurement issues of income and non-income welfare indicators: Assessment of Pakistan's pro-poor growth. Int J Econ Financ Issues 5(3):802–811
  109. Zaman K, Shamsuddin S (2018) Linear and non-linear relationships between growth, inequality, and poverty in a panel of Latin America and the Caribbean Countries: a new evidence of pro-poor growth. Soc Indic Res 136:595–619 [DOI: 10.1007/s11205-017-1581-9]
  110. Zhang Z, Meng X (2019) Internet penetration and the environmental Kuznets curve: a cross-national analysis. Sustainability 11(5):1358 [DOI: 10.3390/su11051358]
  111. Zhu X, Asimakopoulos S, Kim J (2020) Financial development and innovation-led growth: is too much finance better? J Int Money Financ 100:102083 [DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2019.102083]

MeSH Term

Carbon Dioxide
Economic Development
Environmental Pollution
Information Technology
Rain

Chemicals

Carbon Dioxide

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0growthenvironmentalpovertyincomeICTslong-runreductionemissionssustainabilityresultsmobile-telephone-broadbandsubscriptionscountryinequalitypro-pooragendastechnologyroleinformationeconomicrelationshipPakistanARDLcomputersupportinboundFDIagendatwinwidelydiscussedscienceliteraturetechnology-embodiedhelpsattainknowledgesharingtransfertricklepoorgroupimprovelivingstandardsHencecommunicationtechnologiesdeemedcrucialboostingdeepconsiderationestablishreducingpollutioncurrentstudyexaminesecologicaldegradationusingtimeseriesdata1975-2018short-parameterestimatesobtainedAutoregressiveDistributedLagmodelrobustinferencessubstantiateinvertedU-shapedEnvironmentalKuznetsCurveturningpointUS$1000short-runUS$800confirmeddecisiveinterventionfactorsiecommunicationsreduceincidencemediationfarconcernedshowsservicesminimizingviachannelhigh-technologyexportsembodiedverifiedincreasecarbonFinallysignificantcontributorsamplifycountry'sconcludeachieveddevelopinggreenICTinfrastructureAchievingtechnologies:rightrainboundsestimatorCarbonEconomicIncomePoverty

Similar Articles

Cited By