Toxic benthic freshwater cyanobacterial proliferations: Challenges and solutions for enhancing knowledge and improving monitoring and mitigation.
Susanna A Wood, Laura Kelly, Keith Bouma-Gregson, Jean Francois Humbert, H Dail Laughinghouse, James Lazorchak, Tara McAllister, Andrew McQueen, Katyee Pokrzywinski, Jonathan Puddick, Catherine Quiblier, Laura A Reitz, Ken Ryan, Yvonne Vadeboncoeur, Arthur Zastepa, Timothy W Davis
Author Information
Susanna A Wood: Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.
Laura Kelly: Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.
Keith Bouma-Gregson: Office of Information Management and Analysis, California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, United States of America.
Jean Francois Humbert: INRAE, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
H Dail Laughinghouse: Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
James Lazorchak: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Monitoring and Modeling, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.
Tara McAllister: Te P��naha Matatini Centre of Research Excellence for Complex Systems, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Andrew McQueen: Environmental Risk Assessment Branch, US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States of America.
Katyee Pokrzywinski: Environmental Risk Assessment Branch, US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States of America.
Jonathan Puddick: Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.
Catherine Quiblier: MNHN, Paris, France.
Laura A Reitz: Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America.
Ken Ryan: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
Yvonne Vadeboncoeur: Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Ohio, United States of America.
Arthur Zastepa: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Ontario, Canada.
Timothy W Davis: Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America.
1. This review summarises knowledge on the ecology, toxin production, and impacts of toxic freshwater benthic cyanobacterial proliferations. It documents monitoring, management, and sampling strategies, and explores mitigation options. 2. Toxic proliferations of freshwater benthic cyanobacteria (taxa that grow attached to substrates) occur in streams, rivers, lakes, and thermal and meltwater ponds, and have been reported in 19 countries. Anatoxin- and microcystin-containing mats are most commonly reported (eight and 10 countries, respectively). 3. Studies exploring factors that promote toxic benthic cyanobacterial proliferations are limited to a few species and habitats. There is a hierarchy of importance in environmental and biological factors that regulate proliferations with variables such as flow (rivers), fine sediment deposition, nutrients, associated microbes, and grazing identified as key drivers. Regulating factors differ among colonisation, expansion, and dispersal phases. 4. New -omics-based approaches are providing novel insights into the physiological attributes of benthic cyanobacteria and the role of associated microorganisms in facilitating their proliferation. 5. Proliferations are commonly comprised of both toxic and non-toxic strains, and the relative proportion of these is the key factor contributing to the overall toxin content of each mat. 6. While these events are becoming more commonly reported globally, we currently lack standardised approaches to detect, monitor, and manage this emerging health issue. To solve these critical gaps, global collaborations are needed to facilitate the rapid transfer of knowledge and promote the development of standardised techniques that can be applied to diverse habitats and species, and ultimately lead to improved management.
