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Nature medicine
Feb, 2025;31 (2): 422-426.

Genomic and transmission dynamics of the 2024 Marburg virus outbreak in Rwanda.

Yvan Butera, Leon Mutesa, Edyth Parker, Raissa Muvunyi, Esperance Umumararungu, Alisen Ayitewala, Jean Pierre Musabyimana, Alhaji Olono, Placide Sesonga, Olusola Ogunsanya, Emmanuel Kabalisa, Oluwatobi Adedokun, Nelson Gahima, Laetitia Irankunda, Chantal Mutezemariya, Richard Niyonkuru, Arlene Uwituze, Ithiel Uwizera, James Kagame, Arlette Umugwaneza, John Rwabuhihi, Fidele Umwanankabandi, Valens Mbonitegeka, Edouard Ntagwabira, Etienne Kayigi, Gerard Izuwayo, Herve Murenzi, Therese Mukankwiro, Nasson Tuyiringire, Jean Marie Vianney Uwimana, Agnes Gasengayire, Reuben Sindayiheba, Glory-Ugochi Onyeugo, Merawi Aragaw, Lenny Gitundu, Radjabu Bigirimana, Mosoka Fallah, Adaora Ejikeme, Senga Sembuche, Alice Kabanda, Jean Claude Mugisha, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig Francis, Pierre Gashema, Jerome Ndayisenga, Alexis Rugamba, Faustin Kanyabwisha, Gad Murenzi, Anise Happi, Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza, Misbah Gashegu, Ayman Ahmed, Noella Bigirimana, Edson Rwagasore, Muhammed Semakula, Jean Paul Rwabihama, Clarisse Musanabaganwa, Eric Seruyange, Menelas Nkeshimana, Theogene Twagirumugabe, David Turatsinze, Eric Remera, Noel Gahamanyi, Sofonias Kifle Tessema, Isabelle Mukagatare, Sabin Nsanzimana, Christian Happi, Claude Mambo Muvunyi
Author Information
  1. Yvan Butera: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. yvan.butera@moh.gov.rw. ORCID
  2. Leon Mutesa: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. l.mutesa@ur.ac.rw. ORCID
  3. Edyth Parker: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. ORCID
  4. Raissa Muvunyi: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  5. Esperance Umumararungu: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  6. Alisen Ayitewala: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  7. Jean Pierre Musabyimana: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  8. Alhaji Olono: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. ORCID
  9. Placide Sesonga: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. ORCID
  10. Olusola Ogunsanya: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. ORCID
  11. Emmanuel Kabalisa: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  12. Oluwatobi Adedokun: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. ORCID
  13. Nelson Gahima: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. ORCID
  14. Laetitia Irankunda: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  15. Chantal Mutezemariya: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  16. Richard Niyonkuru: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  17. Arlene Uwituze: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  18. Ithiel Uwizera: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  19. James Kagame: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  20. Arlette Umugwaneza: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  21. John Rwabuhihi: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. ORCID
  22. Fidele Umwanankabandi: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  23. Valens Mbonitegeka: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  24. Edouard Ntagwabira: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  25. Etienne Kayigi: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  26. Gerard Izuwayo: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  27. Herve Murenzi: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  28. Therese Mukankwiro: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  29. Nasson Tuyiringire: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  30. Jean Marie Vianney Uwimana: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  31. Agnes Gasengayire: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  32. Reuben Sindayiheba: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  33. Glory-Ugochi Onyeugo: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  34. Merawi Aragaw: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. ORCID
  35. Lenny Gitundu: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  36. Radjabu Bigirimana: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  37. Mosoka Fallah: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  38. Adaora Ejikeme: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  39. Senga Sembuche: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  40. Alice Kabanda: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  41. Jean Claude Mugisha: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  42. Emmanuel Edwar Siddig Francis: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  43. Pierre Gashema: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  44. Jerome Ndayisenga: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. ORCID
  45. Alexis Rugamba: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  46. Faustin Kanyabwisha: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  47. Gad Murenzi: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  48. Anise Happi: African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria. ORCID
  49. Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  50. Misbah Gashegu: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  51. Ayman Ahmed: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  52. Noella Bigirimana: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  53. Edson Rwagasore: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  54. Muhammed Semakula: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  55. Jean Paul Rwabihama: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  56. Clarisse Musanabaganwa: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  57. Eric Seruyange: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  58. Menelas Nkeshimana: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  59. Theogene Twagirumugabe: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  60. David Turatsinze: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  61. Eric Remera: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  62. Noel Gahamanyi: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  63. Sofonias Kifle Tessema: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  64. Isabelle Mukagatare: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  65. Sabin Nsanzimana: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.
  66. Christian Happi: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. happic@run.edu.ng. ORCID
  67. Claude Mambo Muvunyi: Rwanda Joint Task Force for Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak, Ministry of Health, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. claude.muvunyi@rbc.gov.rw. ORCID
PMID: 39681304 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03459-9

Abstract

The ongoing outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Rwanda marks the third largest historically, although it has shown the lowest fatality rate. Genomic analysis of samples from 18 cases identified a lineage with limited internal diversity, closely related to a 2014 Ugandan case. Our findings suggest that the Rwandan lineage diverged decades ago from a common ancestor shared with diversity sampled from bats in Uganda. Our genomic data reveal limited genetic variation, consistent with a single zoonotic transmission event and limited human-to-human transmission. Investigations including contact tracing, clinical assessments, sequencing and serology, linked the index case to a mining cave inhabited by Rousettus aegyptiacus. Serology tests identified three individuals seropositive for immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M, further supporting the zoonotic origin of the outbreak through human-animal interactions.

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MeSH Term

Rwanda
Humans
Disease Outbreaks
Animals
Marburgvirus
Marburg Virus Disease
Phylogeny
Chiroptera
Male
Female
Genome, Viral
Adult
Genomics
Zoonoses
Uganda
Genetic Variation
Middle Aged
Journal Article
Article has an altmetric score of 66

Word Cloud

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