Identification and comprehensive characterization of moral disapproval and behavioral dysregulation-based pornography-use profiles across 42 countries.
Beáta Bőthe, István Tóth-Király, Nevena Popova, Léna Nagy, Mónika Koós, Zsolt Demetrovics, Marc N Potenza, Shane W Kraus, Rafael Ballester-Arnal, Dominik Batthyány, Sophie Bergeron, Joël Billieux, Peer Briken, Julius Burkauskas, Georgina Cárdenas-López, Joana Carvalho, Jesús Castro-Calvo, Lijun Chen, Giacomo Ciocca, Ornella Corazza, Rita I Csako, Andrea Czakó, David P Fernandez, Elaine F Fernandez, Hironobu Fujiwara, Johannes Fuss, Roman Gabrhelík, Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan, Biljana Gjoneska, Mateusz Gola, Hashim T Hashim, Md Saiful Islam, Mustafa Ismail, Martha C Jiménez-Martínez, Tanja Jurin, Ondrej Kalina, Verena Klein, András Költő, Chih-Ting Lee, Sang-Kyu Lee, Karol Lewczuk, Chung-Ying Lin, Christine Lochner, Silvia López-Alvarado, Kateřina Lukavská, Percy Mayta-Tristán, Dan J Miller, Oľga Orosová, Gábor Orosz, Sungkyunkwan University's Research Team, Fernando P Ponce, Gonzalo R Quintana, Gabriel C Quintero Garzola, Jano Ramos-Diaz, Kévin Rigaud, Ann Rousseau, Marco de Tubino Scanavino, Marion K Schulmeyer, Pratap Sharan, Mami Shibata, Sheikh Shoib, Vera Sigre-Leirós, Luke Sniewski, Ognen Spasovski, Vesta Steibliene, Dan J Stein, Aleksandar Štulhofer, Berk C Ünsal, Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel, Marie Claire Van Hout, Joshua B Grubbs
Author Information
Beáta Bőthe: 1Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. ORCID
István Tóth-Király: 3Substantive Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. ORCID
Nevena Popova: 1Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
Léna Nagy: 4Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. ORCID
Mónika Koós: 6Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro-and Behavioral Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. ORCID
Zsolt Demetrovics: 8Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. ORCID
Marc N Potenza: 9Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. ORCID
Shane W Kraus: 12Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA. ORCID
Rafael Ballester-Arnal: 13Departmento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, University Jaume I of Castellón, Spain.
Dominik Batthyány: 14Institute for Behavioural Addictions, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Austria.
Sophie Bergeron: 1Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
Joël Billieux: 15Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Peer Briken: 17Institute for Sex Research, SexualMedicine, and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Julius Burkauskas: 18Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania.
Georgina Cárdenas-López: 19Virtual Teaching and Cyberpsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
Joana Carvalho: 20William James Center for Research, Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Jesús Castro-Calvo: 21Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Spain.
Lijun Chen: 22Department of Psychology, College of Humanity and Social Science, Fuzhou University, China.
Giacomo Ciocca: 23Section of Sexual Psychopathology, Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Ornella Corazza: 24Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
Rita I Csako: 26Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
Andrea Czakó: 7Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar.
David P Fernandez: 27Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom.
Elaine F Fernandez: 28HELP University, Malaysia.
Hironobu Fujiwara: 29Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Johannes Fuss: 31Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
Roman Gabrhelík: 32Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Addictology, Prague, Czech Republic.
Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan: 34School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel.
Biljana Gjoneska: 35Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia.
Mateusz Gola: 36Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland.
Hashim T Hashim: 38University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Iraq.
Md Saiful Islam: 40Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.
Mustafa Ismail: 38University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Iraq.
Martha C Jiménez-Martínez: 42Universidad Pedagógca y Tecnológica de Colombia, Colombia.
Tanja Jurin: 43Department of Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
Ondrej Kalina: 44Department of Educational Psychology and Psychology of Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia.
Verena Klein: 45School of Psychology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
András Költő: 46Health Promotion Research Centre, University of Galway, Ireland.
Chih-Ting Lee: 47Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Sang-Kyu Lee: 48Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea.
Karol Lewczuk: 50Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
Chung-Ying Lin: 51Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Christine Lochner: 53SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
Silvia López-Alvarado: 54Faculty of Psychology, University of Cuenca, Ecuador.
Kateřina Lukavská: 32Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Addictology, Prague, Czech Republic.
Percy Mayta-Tristán: 56Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú.
Dan J Miller: 57College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Australia.
Oľga Orosová: 44Department of Educational Psychology and Psychology of Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia.
Gábor Orosz: 58Artois University, France.
: 59Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea.
Fernando P Ponce: 60Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Chile.
Gonzalo R Quintana: 61Departamento de Psicología y Filosofía, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile.
Gabriel C Quintero Garzola: 62Florida State University, Republic of Panama.
Jano Ramos-Diaz: 64Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú.
Kévin Rigaud: 58Artois University, France.
Ann Rousseau: 65Leuven School For Mass Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Marco de Tubino Scanavino: 66Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre and St. Joseph's Health Care London. London, ON, Canada. Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
Marion K Schulmeyer: 69Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
Pratap Sharan: 70Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India.
Mami Shibata: 71Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
Sheikh Shoib: 72Department of Psychology, Shardha University, India.
Vera Sigre-Leirós: 15Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Luke Sniewski: 75Compassionate Inquiry, New Zealand.
Ognen Spasovski: 76Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
Vesta Steibliene: 77Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania.
Dan J Stein: 78SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town.
Aleksandar Štulhofer: 79Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
Berk C Ünsal: 4Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel: 80Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada.
Marie Claire Van Hout: 81Public Health Institute, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom.
Joshua B Grubbs: 82Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, And Addictions University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA.
Background and aims: The Moral Incongruence Model of Pornography Use proposes that pornography-use-related problems may be present due to problematic pornography use (PPU) and/or moral disapproval (MD) of pornography use. Despite some supporting empirical evidence, no study has tested the presence of different pornography-use profiles based on individuals' behavioral dysregulation (i.e., PPU) and moral values concerning pornography use. The generalizability of previous findings to diverse populations has also been limited given the scarcity of studies conducted outside of Western countries. Methods: Using data from the International Sex Survey (42 countries, N = 66,994; Mage = 32.16 years, SD = 12.27), we conducted latent profile analysis to identify pornography-use profiles based on individuals' frequency of use, MD, and PPU. The profiles were compared along a wide range of pornography-use-related, sexuality-related, and psychological correlates. Results: Six pornography-use profiles were identified, including two increased risk groups (i.e., Increased risk of PPU without MD and Increased risk of PPU with some MD). Several factors differentiated between the increased risk vs. no/low risk profiles (e.g., relatedness satisfaction) as well as between the two increased risk profiles (e.g., religiosity). Apart from behavioral dysregulation, moral values concerning pornography use played an important role in distinguishing pornography-use profiles and demonstrated the importance of inquiring about MD when working with individuals with pornography-use-related problems. Conclusion: Findings also support recent calls for better-integrated sex therapy and sexual medicine perspectives into pornography-use-related problems research and care.
