- Marc Rendell: The Association of Diabetes Investigators, Omaha, NE, USA. ORCID
INTRODUCTION: In the 100���years since isolation and administration of animal insulin to sustain life in Type 1 diabetes, there has been increasing progress in the administration of exogenous insulin to lower glucose levels.
AREAS COVERED: We reviewed using standard search engines and PubMed present-day techniques of management of type 1 diabetes.
EXPERT OPINION: Long-acting insulin formulations have been developed to maintain basal glucose levels in the normal range, while rapid acting insulins have been synthesized to address the sharp rise in glucose levels after a meal. Insulin pumps administer insulin continuously subcutaneously guided by continuous glucose monitoring systems. These almost closed loop systems achieve near normal glucose levels other than at meal times where the rapid glucose rise and then fall pose a significant challenge due to the extended duration of subcutaneous insulin depots. Implanted insulin pumps with intraperitoneal delivery may eventually permit improved post meal glucose control. Type 1 diabetes has now been redefined as an autoimmune disease which may be diagnosed purely from the presence of anti-beta cell antibodies with no abnormality of glucose levels. The future will see an intensification of efforts to combat the immune process which destroys beta cells.